Scientific Publications

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A listing of peer reviewed scientific publications and non-peer reviewed scientific studies that focus on subject material that is relevant to sour brewing. Some good journals to keep an eye on for new publications about sour and funky beers include Cerevisia, The Journal of the Institute of Brewing, and The International Journal of Food Microbiology.

Some of the papers are freely accessible and others require journal subscriptions for access.

Brettanomyces

Much of the scientific research done to date on Brettanomyces approaches the yeast from the view point of wine production and treating the yeast as a spoilage organism. These papers can still be useful to brewers interested in using Brett while recognizing the possible preconceptions, motivations, and biases that this viewpoint might contribute. Other groups, notably those led by a couple of Belgian researchers as well as Chad Yakobson's masters work, have studied Brett from the viewpoint of a desired component in certain beer fermentations.

Title Authors Date Note
Insight into the Dekkera anomala YV396 genome Samuel Aeschlimann Sept 2015 Self published on Eureka Brewing Blog.
Brettanomyces yeasts — From spoilage organisms to valuable contributors to industrial fermentations Jan Steenselsa, Luk Daenenc, Philippe Malcorpsc, Guy Derdelinckxd, Hubert Verachtertd, Kevin J. Verstrepen 2015 Free access.
The wine and beer yeast Dekkera bruxellensis Anna Judith Schifferdecker, Sofia Dashko, Olena P. Ishchuk and Jure Piškur 2014 Free access. Good summary of up to date information.
Rapid identification of the genus Dekkera/Brettanomyces, the Dekkera subgroup and all individual species M. Hulina, E. Harrisona, M. Stratfordb, A.E. Whealsa 2014 Not free access.
Pure Culture Fermentation Characteristic of Brettanomyces Yeast Species and Their Use in the Brewing Industry Yakobson 2011 MSc thesis. Free access.
Screening and evaluation of the glucoside hydrolase activity in Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces brewing yeasts Daenen, Saison, Sterckx, Delvaux, Verachtert, Derdelinckx 2008 Free access.
Physiological, biochemical and molecular characterisation of hydroxycinnamic acid catabolism by Dekkera and Brettanomyces yeasts Victoria Harris 2010 Free access. PhD thesis. HCA's are the precursors to phenolic compounds in beer. See phenol production in Brettanomyces
Evaluation of the glycoside hydrolase activity of a Brettanomyces strain on glycosides from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) used in the production of special fruit beers Daenen, Saison, Sterckx, Delvaux, Verachtert, Derdelinckx 2008 Free access.
Survey of enzyme activity responsible for phenolic off-flavour production by Dekkera and Brettanomyces yeast Harris, Ford, Jiranek, Grbin 2009 Not free access.
Genetic diversity and physiological traits of Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains isolated from Tuscan Sangiovese wines Agnolucci, Vigentini, Capurso, Merico, Tirelli, Compagno, Foschino, Nuti 2009 Not free access.
Dekkera and Brettanomyces growth and utilisation of hydroxycinnamic acids in synthetic media Harris, Ford Jiranek, Grbin 2008 Not free access.
The effect of sugar concentration and temperature on growth and volatile phenol production by Dekkera bruxellensis in wine Barata, Pagliara, Piccininno, Tarantino, Ciardulli, Malfeito-Ferreira, Loureiro 2008 Free access.
Formation of 4-vinyl and 4-ethyl derivatives from hydroxycinnamic acids: Occurrence of volatile phenolic flavour compounds in beer and distribution of Pad1-activity among brewing yeasts Vanbeneden, Gils, Delvaux, Delvaux 2008 Not free access.
Genome Survey Sequencing of the Wine Spoilage Yeast Dekkera (Brettanomyces) bruxellensis Woolfit, Rozpędowska, Piškur, Wolfe 2007 Free access
Release of hydroxycinnamic acids and formation of flavour-active volatile phenols during the beer production process Nele Vanbeneden 2007 PhD Thesis. Free access.
Brettanomyces bruxellensis: effect of oxygen on growth and acetic acid production. Aguilar Uscanga, Délia1, and Strehaiano. 2003 Free access.
Acetic acid production by Dekkera/Brettanomyces yeasts. S.N. Feer April 2002 Not free access.
Role of oxygen on acetic acid production by Brettanomyces/Dekkera in winemaking. Maurizio Ciani and Luisa Ferraro April 1999 Not free access
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Species of the Genus Dekkera VAN DER WALT Based on the Partial Sequences of 18S and 26S Ribosomal RNAs (Saccharomycetaceae) Yuzo Yamada, Minako Matsuda, Kojiro Maeda, Kozaburo Mikata 1994 Free access. Shows that D. custersianus should be reclassified as a new genus.
Localization and Characterization of α-Glucosidase Activity in Brettanomyces lambicus Shantha Kumara, De Cort, Verachtert 1993 Free access.
Esterase Activity in the Genus Brettanomyces Spaepen and Verachtert 1982 Brett ester production and destruction. Free access.
Brettanomyces. I. Occurrence, Characteristics, and Effects on Beer Flavour R. B. Gilliland B.A., B.Sc., F.R.I.C. 1961 Free access.

Other Yeast/Bacteria

Title Authors Date Note
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a nomadic yeast with no niche? Matthew R. Goddard, and Duncan Greig 2015 Proposes new hypothesis that S. cerevisiae is a generalized and nomadic microbe rather than a fruit-loving microbe based on the "neutral theory of ecology".
Regional microbial signatures positively correlate with differential wine phenotypes: evidence for a microbial aspect to terroir Knight, Sarah and Klaere, Steffen and Fedrizzi, Bruno and Goddard, Matthew 2015 Free access. This is the first quantitative demonstration of a microbial component of terroir.
Alcohol-brewing properties of acid- and bile-tolerant yeasts co-cultured with lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional handmade domestic dairy products from Inner Mongolia Takashi Kuda Sarengaole, Hajime Takahashi, Bon Kimura 2015 Not free access.
Pyrosequencing reveals regional differences in fruit-associated fungal communities Michael W. Taylor, Peter Tsai, Nicole Anfang, Howard A. Ross, and Matthew R. Goddard 2015 Free access. Showed that yeast diversity on wine grapes differs by region; Saccharomyces made up only 0.00005% of the total readings.
Microbial biogeography of wine grapes is conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate Bokulich NA, Thorngate JH, Richardson PM, Mills DA. 2014 Suggests link between microbial terroir and vineyard environmental conditions.
Geographic delineations of yeast communities and populations associated with vines and wines in New Zealand Velimir Gayevskiy and Matthew R Goddard 2012 Study leading up to the 2015 Goddard study above focusing on regional genetic differences in S. cerevisae.
Biotechnological potential of non-Saccharomyces yeasts isolated during spontaneous fermentations of Malvar (Vitis vinifera cv. L.) Cordero-Bueso, Esteve Zarzoso, Cabellos, Gil-Díaz 2012 Free access. Records secondary metabolites produced by various wild yeasts in mono-culture fermentations of wine must.
Studies on growth and metabolism of Oenococcus oeni on sugars and sugar mixtures D.-S. Zhang and R.W. Lovitt 2005

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Title Authors Date Note
The Use and Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Malting and Brewing with Their Relationships to Antifungal Activity, Mycotoxins and Gushing: A Review Deirdre P. Lowe and Elke K. Arendt 2012 Free access.
125th Anniversary Review: Bacteria in brewing: The good, the bad and the ugly Vriesekoop, Krahl, Hucker, Menz 2012 Free access.
Lactobacillus: the Next Generation of Malolactic Fermentation Starter Cultures — an Overview Maret du Toit & Lynn Engelbrecht & Elda Lerm & Sibylle Krieger-Weber 2010 Free access. Review paper.
Pediocins: The bacteriocins of Pediococci. Sources, production, properties and applications Maria Papagianni 2009 Free access.
Fundamentals of Beer and Hop Chemistry Keukeleire August 12, 1998 Useful information regarding how beta acids and iso-alpha acids inhibit/effect the grown of gram-positive bacteria and LAB. Free access.
Beer spoilage bacteria and hop resistance Sakamoto and Konings 2003 Another useful paper for antimicrobial properties of hops and bacterial resistance. Not free access.
Localization and Characterization of α-Glucosidase Activity in Lactobacillus brevis De Cort, Shantha Kumara, Verachtert 1994 Free access.
Growth Response of Lactobacillus brevis to Aeration and Organic Catalysts. J. R. Stamer and B. O. Stoyla. Sep 1967 Referenced by Wyeast 5223 L. brevis. Free Access.
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pediococcus, including Pediococcus claussenii sp. nov., a novel lactic acid bacterium isolated from beer C. Melissa Dobson, Harry Deneer, Sun Lee, Sean Hemmingsen, Sarah Glaze and Barry Ziola 2002 Free access.
Isolation of a Hop-Sensitive Variant of Lactobacillus lindneri and Identification of Genetic Markers for Beer Spoilage Ability of Lactic Acid Bacteria Koji Suzuki, Kazumaru Iijima, Kazutaka Ozaki, and Hiroshi Yamashita 2005 Free access.

Lambic and Spontaneous Fermentation

Title Authors Date Note
The microbial diversity of an industrially produced lambic beer shares members of a traditionally produced one and reveals a core microbiota for lambic beer fermentation Spitaels, Wieme, Janssens, Aerts, Van Landschoot, De Vuyst, Vandamme August 2015 Not free access
Microbiota and metabolites of aged bottled gueuze beers converge to the same composition Spitaels, Van Kerrebroeck, Wieme, Snauwaert, Aerts, Van Landschoot, De Vuyst, Vandamme May 2015 Not free access
Cross-Kingdom Chemical Communication Drives a Heritable, Mutually Beneficial Prion-Based Transformation of Metabolism Daniel F. Jarosz, Jessica C.S. Brown, Gordon A. Walker, Manoshi S. Datta, W. Lloyd Ung, Alex K. Lancaster, Assaf Rotem, Amelia Chang, Gregory A. Newby,David A. Weitz, Linda F. Bisson, and Susan Lindquist. Aug 2014 Free access. See Pediococcus.
An Evolutionarily Conserved Prion-like Element Converts Wild Fungi from Metabolic Specialists to Generalists Daniel F. Jarosz, Alex K. Lancaster, Jessica C.S. Brown, Susan Lindquist. 28 August 2014 Not free access. See Pediococcus.
The Microbial Diversity of Traditional Spontaneously Fermented Lambic Beer Spitaels, Wieme, Janssens, Aerts, Daniel, Van Landschoot, De Vuyst, Vandamme April 18, 2014 Free access
BELGIAN ACIDIC BEERS Daily Reminiscences of the Past Verachtert and Denderlinckx 2014 Not free access.
Taming Wild Yeast: Potential of Conventional and Nonconventional Yeasts in Industrial Fermentations Steensels and Verstrepen 2014 Not free access
Brewhouse-Resident Microbiota Are Responsible for Multi-Stage Fermentation of American Coolship Ale Bokulich, Bamforth, Mills April 18, 2012 Free access.
Characterization of aroma and flavor compounds present in lambic (gueuze) beer Katherine Witrick 2012 PhD Thesis. Free access.
Occurrence of sotolon, abhexon and theaspirane-derived molecules in Gueuze beers. Chemical similarities with ‘yellow wines’ Scholtes, Nizet, Colin 2012 Free access.
Fermentation Studies on the Traditional Russian Drink “Sourish Shchi” Dankovtsev, Vostrikov, Markina 2002 Free access.
Microbiological Aspects of a Mixed Yeast—Bacterial Fermentation in the Production of a Special Belgian Acidic Ale Martens, Iserentant, Verachtert 1997 Free access.
Synthesis of Aroma Compounds By Wort Enterobacteria During the First Stage of Lambic Fermentation Martens, Dawoud, Verachtert 1992 Free access.
Wort Enterobacteria and Other Microbial Populations Involved During the First Month of Lambic Fermentation Martens, Dawoud, Verachtert 1991 Free access.
Identification of Lambic Superattenuating Micro-Organisms By the Use of Selective Antibiotics Shantha Kumara and Verachtert 1991 Free access.
Fatty Acids and Esters Produced During the Spontaneous Fermentation of Lambic and Gueuze Spaepen, Van Oevelen, Verachtert 1978 Free access.
Microbiological Aspects of Spontaneous Wort Fermentation in the Production of Lambic and Gueuze Van Oevelen, Spaepen, Timmermans, Verachtert 1977 The source of the data used to create the Apte chart of which microbes are active at a given time in Lambic Fermentation as presented in his 2004 slideshow and in Wild Brews. Free access.
Synthesis of Aroma Components During the Spontaneous Fermentation of Lambic and Gueuze Van Oevelen, De L'Escaille Verachtert 1976 Free access.
Mapping microbial ecosystems and spoilage-gene flow in breweries highlights patterns of contamination and resistance Nicholas A Bokulich, Jordyn Bergsveinson, Barry Ziola, David A Mills March 9, 2015 Free access; measures LAB and yeast populations throughout a brewery with a coolship, controlled sour beer production, and traditional clean beer production. Also contains info about hop resistance levels of different LAB species.

Historical

These studies focus on historical beer analysis.

Title Authors Date Note
Brettanomyces – hero or villain? Ron Pattenson, Shut Up About Barclay Perkins May 2015 Ron's analysis of a study on Brettanomyces beers in the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 67, Issue 3, May-June 1961.
Analysis of Beers from an 1840s’ Shipwreck John Londesborough, Michael Dresel, Brian Gibson, Riikka Juvonen, Ulla Holopainen, Atte Mikkelson, Tuulikki Seppänen-Laakso, Kaarina Viljanen, Hannele Virtanen, Arvi Wilpola, Thomas Hofmann, and Annika Wilhelmson Feb 2015 Chemical analysis of historical beers found to have bacteria in them. Press conference that says 4 live species of Lactobacillus were found. Free access.

Misc Topics

Title Authors Date Note
The Microbiology of Malting and Brewing Nicholas A. Bokulicha and Charles W. Bamforth June 2013 Free access.
Effects of pH Adjustment and Sodium Ions on Sour Taste Intensity of Organic Acids E.R.D. Neta, S.D. Johanningsmeier, M.A.Drake 2009 Free access.
Release of hydroxycinnamic acids and formation of flavour-active volatile phenols during the beer production process Nele Vanbeneden 2007 PhD thesis. Free access. Study on 4VG/4VP, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, etc. English sections available.
Ferulic acid release and 4-vinylguaiacol formation during brewing and fermentation: indications for feruloyl esterase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Coghe S, Benoot K, Delvaux F, Vanderhaegen B, Delvaux FR. 2004 Not free access. Studied production of ferulic acid and 4VG production in barley and wheat based beers, fermented with S. cerevisiae.

Other resources

These studies, presentations, or discussions aren't peer reviewed but they do contain useful info for brewing sour and funky beers.

Title Authors Date Note
Measurement of Oxygen Transfer Rates for Carboy Closures and Air Locks Gibbs November 10, 2011 Study performed by Better Bottle. Free access.
How to Make Sour Ale: an inquiry Apte 2004 contains Apte's charts for oxygen permeability and other notable references. Free access.
Pickled beer: Concepts of Sour Ale Raj Apte 2004 A presentation about sour beer. Free access.
Horse of a Different Color Nate Sampson, Michael Tonsmeire, Steve Gale, Tomme Arthur, Al Buck, Cisco ?, Sean Paxton Round table tasting and discussion of brett primary beers. The author of the transcript is not listed. Free access.
Methods of Creating and Maintaining 'Wild' House Cultures Kyle Kohlmorgan 2013 Presentation at NHC 2013. Notes available here. Audio available from the AHA website past presentations section (must be an AHA member for access).
The Mystery of Lambic Beer Jacques De Keersmaecker 1996 Article in Scientific American. Free access.

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

External Resources

References