Titratable Acidity

Titratable Acidity (abbreviated as TA) is an approximation of the Total Acidity of a solution, and has long been used in the production of wine. It is usually expressed in units of grams per liter (g/L), although other formats are also used . Titratable Acidity is often mistakenly confused with Total Acidity, but they are not the same thing (see reference). While Total Acidity is a more accurate measurement of the total acid content of a solution, Titratable Acidity is usually used because it is easier to measure . TA is generally considered a better way to measure perceivable acidity in sour beer and wine than pH .

TA versus pH

Many sour beer producers use pH to help determine how "sour" their beer is in relation to a set goal, previous batches, or commercial examples. However, often times TA is a more accurate measurement of how acidic a beer will be perceived on the palate.

pH

In chemistry, pH is the negative log of the activity of the hydrogen ion (H+) in an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH of 7.

The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement . Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. Measurement of pH for aqueous solutions can be done with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or using indicators.

pH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, food science, environmental science, oceanography, civil engineering, chemical engineering, nutrition, water treatment & water purification, and many other applications .

pH is best tested in sour beers using a PH Meter and is most useful for biological parameters. Cells live or die based on pH, not TA. This means pH should be used when testing sanitizer, sour worting, starter cultures, etc.

Why TA?

When attempting to use pH for sensory parameters (how sour something tastes), the measurement falls short. Humans perceive acidity from tasting acids rather than the dissociated H+ ions which determine pH. With strong acids, where the H+ ions are fully dissociated from the remaining acid molecules, the amount of acid is always equal to the amount of H+ ions. However, lactic acid, the primary acid in sour beer, is a weak acid. Weak acids do not completely ionize/dissociate, leaving some portion of the H+ still bound to the acid. The degree to which a weak acid dissociates depends on the identity of the acid and the composition of the solution it is in.

Any acid not dissociated (in other words, an acid still holding onto its H+) does not affect pH. On the other hand, humans will perceive an increased "sourness" based upon the amount of acid in a beer, dissociated or not. The best way to test for total acidity, regardless of dissociation, is using a test called Titratable Acidity. Because different acids have different characteristic flavors and some acids might taste more smooth or aggressive than others (think lactic acid verses acetic acid), samples with the same titratable acidity may have either different perceived acidity or acidity that seems more or less pleasant than other samples. However overall titratable acidity does show a stronger correlation to perceived acidity than measures such as pH.

Kara Taylor at White Labs has done a reasonable amount of professional sensory panels showing the correlation between TA and perceived sour taste, as well as showing a more poor correlation between pH and sour taste. Her full presentation, where most of this information was sourced, is available to any attendee of the 2015 Craft Brewer's Conference.

Testing for Titratable Acidity in Sour Beer

Safety caution: always wear safety glasses and gloves when handling NaOH in any concentration. NaOH can cause severe burns. In concentrations higher than 0.1, NaOH can corrode through clothing. See Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety on Sodium Hydroxide.

Equipment Requirements:

1. pH Meter with Automatic Temperature Correction
2. Buffer/Testing Solutions for pH Meter
3. Buret (100mL recommended) with Stopcock
4. Buret stand (can be DIY)
5. 250ml - 500ml Beaker (or pint glass, etc)
6. 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH - also labeled as 0.1 M NaOH)
7. Accurate way to measure 50mL (can use the buret for this, but I recommend a serological pipette or high-grade graduated cylinder)
8. Coffee filter or some other way to decarbonate beer (shake and vent repeatedly, pour through filter, etc)
9. Hydrometer

Procedure

1. Calibrate the pH meter.
2. Pipette 50mL of decarbonated beer into the beaker.
3. Place the pH probe and the ATC thermometer into the beaker, submerge tip of the probe into the beer.
4. Fill the buret with 0.1N of NaOH.
5. Open the Stopcock and add the NaOH to the beer until pH meter reaches a reading of pH 7.0.
6. Upon reaching 7.0 pH, slowly add more NaOH until pH meter reads exactly pH 8.2, keeping track of how much NaOH is added.
7. Record the total amount of NaOH used to reach pH 8.2, including the amount that was needed to reach a pH of 7.0 and the additional amount needed to reach a pH of 8.2.
8. Use the following formula to find the Titratable Acidity: Titratable Acidity = (mL 0.1N NaOH * 0.9) / (mL beer * Specific Gravity)
9. The number you get is percent TA (or grams/100mL TA).
10. Multiply the percent TA by 10 to get g/L TA.

Note: Specific Gravity has a limited role in the equation. For example, a change from an SG of 1.000 to 1.020 is only a change of 2%. Final Gravity plays a large role in the perceived acidity due to the residual sugars balancing sourness on the palate. Hence why Rodenbach, for example, has a less perceived sourness on the palate than its measurement of TA would indicate .

Example

"I agree that maths are hard." - Lance Shaner.

• Let's say we have 50 mL of mildly tart, uncarbonated beer.
• It has a Specific Gravity of 1.010.
• It took 12.2 mL of 0.1 N NaOH to get to a pH of 8.2.

TA = (12.2 * 0.9) / (50 * 1.010)

= 10.98 / 50.5

= 0.217% TA (or 0.217 g/100mL TA)

= 2.17 g/L TA

Spreadsheet

Milk The Funk member, "Eccentric Beekeeper", created the following spreadsheet to calculate TA, as well as calculating the TA of blends. Download a copy to your computer to use it.

• Eccentric Beekeeper Titratable Acidity Spreadsheet

Uses in Sensory

• It may be best to compare the ratio of Titratable Acidity to Final Gravity as sweetness counter-acts acidity in sensory experiments .

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

• PH Meter

External Resources

• More information on this procedure is available from the American Society of Brewing Chemists, who publish a similar set of procedures under the name "Total Acidity with Potentiometer".
• Jim Crooks of Firestone Walker presentation about blending sour beers using TA.
• Dave Janssen's discussion of Kara Taylor's CBC talk.
• pH Readings of Commercial Beers, Embrace the Funk Blog, Brandon Jones.
• Amazon source for NaOH.
• MTF discussion regarding Kara Taylor's BA presentation that shows TA for multiple beers, and examples of TA readings and usages.
• MTF tips on what type of NaOH to buy (liquid over dry), and how to handle it safely.
• MTF tips on safety and methods of measuring TA from a research technician.