Lactobacillus

Omega Yeast Labs OYL-605 Lactobacillus Blend; photo by Stephen Little.

Lactobacillus (often referred to by brewers as "Lacto") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which produces acidity and sour flavors in the form of lactic acid (and sometimes acetic acid) found in lambics, Berliner Weiss, sour brown ales, and gueuze. All Lactobacillus species are facultative anaerobes, which means they grow anaerobically but can also grow in the presence of oxygen and use oxygen to some degree . There are more than 100 species, many of which are found in the human gastrointestinal track . In addition to beer, some species of Lactobacillus are also used to ferment yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, wine, cider, kimchi, cocoa, and kefir . Lactobacillus can form a pellicle (need reference). See Pediococcus, Brettanomyces, Saccharomyces, and Mixed Cultures charts for other commercially available cultures. See the Sour Worting and Mixed Fermentation pages for brewing techniques with Lactobacillus. See the Alternative Bacteria Sources section for culturing Lactobacillus from grains, yogurt, probiotics, and other sources.

Commercial Lactobacillus Cultures

Culture Charts

Name	Mfg#	Taxonomy	CO2 Producer (Het/Hom)	Starter Note	Fermentation/Other Notes
Brewing Science Institute	L. delbrueckii	Lactobacillus delbrueckii			A Lactobacillus bacteria that produces a clean lactic sourness.
White Labs	WLP677	L. delbrueckii (potentially misidentified)	Heterofermentative	no stir plate, room temp	Incubate at > 90°F and < 117°F for 5-7 days for greater lactic acid production. Cell count: 50-80 million cells/mL (1.75-2.8 billion cells in a 35 mL homebrew vial) .
White Labs	WLP672	L. brevis	Heterofermentative	No stir plate, room temp	Produced by The Yeast Bay. More hop tolerant than other Lacto strains, however TYB advises to use wort with less than 10 IBU. Temperature range: 70-95°F; 80% attenuation (this may not reflect actual attenuation of wort in a real brewery; see reference ). Cell count: 50-80 million cells/mL (1.75-2.8 billion cells for 35 mL homebrew vials) .
Wyeast	5335	L. buchneri	Heterofermentative	1 liter starter for a 5 gallon batch of beer, 1.020 DME sterile wort, no stir plate, no O2, starter at 90°F if possible 5-7 days	Incubate at 90°F for 5-7 days for greater lactic acid production. Cell count: 1.0 x 108 (100 million) cells/mL (10 billion cells in a 100 mL homebrew pouch) .
Wyeast	5223-PC	L. brevis	Heterofermentative	no stir plate, room temp is fine	Heterofermentative (produces lactic acid, ethanol and CO2), more hop tolerant. Does well at room temperature. AVAILABLE ONLY FROM JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER 2014 (Michael Dawson from Wyeast indicated that this culture may return at some point). Jamie Daly indicated on MTF that he got almost no sourness after 24 hours at 100°F (37.8°C). He lowered the temperature to 90°F-95°F (32.2°C-35°C) for 36 hours, and the pH of the wort went down to 3.29. Thus, Jamie recommends 90°F-95°F (32.2°C-35°C) for 60 hours for better souring; avoid warmer temperatures. He also aerated his starter of L. (brevis 2L starter of 1.020 dme) and set it on a stir plate at 95°F . The beer wort was not aerated, and the fermenter was flushed with CO2. These methods need verification. Cell count: 1.0 x 108 (100 million) cells/mL (10 billion cells in a 100 mL homebrew pouch) .
Omega Yeast Labs	OYL-605	L. brevis, delbrueckii, and plantarum blend	Hetero/Hetero	1 liter starter for a 5 gallon batch of beer at room temperature for 24-48 hours. No stir plate unless kept anaerobic.	Quick souring. Pitch into 65°F-90°F. Holding temperature is not required. No longer contains delbruekii . Don't use any hops if possible. 2 IBU is a good target if hops must be used . Contains ~150 billion cells per homebrew pitch .
GigaYeast	GB110	L. delbrueckii?	Heterofermentative	For a 5 gallon batch of beer use 2 liters at 1.040 with high quality yeast nutrient. Keep as close to 86°F (30°C) as possible for 3-4 days with frequent rousing (no stir plate) .	Lactic Acid Bacteria are inhibited by hops, high gravity and low temperatures. You can adjust sourness by increasing or decreasing these variables. More than 7 IBU, gravity above 1050 or temps below 65 F will increase the time to sour or lead to reduced overall souring. Contains ~200 billion cells per homebrew pitch . We recommend brewing with GB110 in one of three ways. I) “Hot Start”: Pitch GB110 to wort at 98 F with little or no hops for 48-72 hrs. Wort may be soured before kettle boil or after. If soured before kettle boil, boil with hop additions as usual. If soured after kettle boil cool wort and pitch yeast. II) “Co-Pitch”: Pitch GB110 into a primary with yeast of your choice at 68-72 F. Wort that is less than 1050 and 7 IBU will typically be very sour in 2-3 weeks. III) “Secondary”: Pitch GB110 after primary fermentation for an aged sour. Souring by this method typically requires several months. Adding simple sugars or fruit etc. will enhance souring in the secondary . Sometimes referred to as GigaYeast's "Fast Acting Lacto". This strain is hop sensitive .
RVA Yeast Labs	RVA 600	L. rhamnosus GG	Homofermentative	No starter necessary per RVA	Homofermentative Lacto strain found in probiotics; sensitive to hops; does well at room temperature.
SouthYeast Labs	Lactobacillus 1	Unknown	Heterofermentative		Source: Spontaneously infected beer (South Carolina). Best suits Light sours, gose, farmhouse saison (medium/high acidity).
SouthYeast Labs	Lactobacillus 2	Unknown	Homofermentatative		Source: Prickly pear fruit (South Carolina). Best suits strong sours, and lambic (high acidity).
Inland Island Brewing & Consulting	INISBC-991	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Produces more lactic acid at higher temperatures and in low hop worts. 70-95 F Temperature Range
Inland Island Brewing & Consulting	INISBC-992	L. delbruekii	Homofermentative		Produces more lactic acid at higher temperatures and in low hop worts. 70-95 F Temperature Range
Inland Island Brewing & Consulting	INISBC-932	L. fermentum	Heterofermentative

Manufacturer Tips

Omega Yeast Labs on OYL-605

The following is a statement by Lance Shaner, owner of Omega Yeast Labs:

Lance Shaner: Full disclosure: I own Omega Yeast Labs. Pitching at 120F is a bad idea with this blend. The bug doing most of the work in this blend is Lactobacillus plantarum. The best temp for plantarum is 80-90F. It does not work [as well] over 100F. Also, we regularly make a 1 liter starter with the Lacto blend for faster souring. Simply pitch the contents of the pouch into 1 liter of sterile 1.040 wort and let sit for 24 hours at 70-80F before pitching (no need to stir). Adi Hastings mentioned the imperial stout we just kettle soured. We previously brewed a Berliner using the same method. At 17 hours, pH was at 3.42 and temp was 75F (original pitch temp was 85F). At 40 hours, pH was 3.24, at which time we boiled. Lower pH in the Berliner compared to the stout at 17 hours likely has to do with different buffering capacities in different worts.

This blend is very susceptible to hops. It is recommended to not use any hops when souring with this Lactobacillus. If hops must be used (some commercial breweries have to use hops for legal reasons), a maximum of 2 IBU is recommended.

Wyeast on 5335

The following is an excerpt with Jess Caudill, Brewer/Microbiologist, at Wyeast Laboratories, Inc. concerning usage of Wyeast 5335 and making a Berliner Weissbier.

1. Use 5335.
2. If using our 5335, don’t use ANY hops. You can always blend in some IPA or hopped wort after souring takes place if you really need some bitterness or hop flavor/aroma in the beer.
3. From one 5335 pack, make a 1L starter with 1.020 DME sterile wort. No O2! Incubate at 90°F if possible for 5-7 days.
4. Brew your 5 gallons of wort. Again… no hops. Sterilize the wort. (No need for sour mashes). Cool to 90°F and add 1L 5335 starter. No O2. Try to maintain 90°F for 5-7 days depending on how sour you want the beer.
5. After 5-7 days, cool wort to around 68. Pitch with a low pH tolerant strain such as 1007 or 2124. No O2. Ferment for around 1-2 weeks… until you hit terminal.
6. Package beer. If bottle conditioning, use 4021 as a bottling strains. Very tolerant to low pH.

RVA Yeast Labs on RVA 600

A great lactic acid bacterial strain that will add a pleasant tangy sourness. RVA 600 is a pure culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG which is found in many commercial probiotic products which have been shown in clinical studies to have many beneficial effects. These are homofermentative (only produces lactic acid, no carbon dioxide or ethanol) and are hop-sensitive. For more pronounces souring add before you add your yeast. You can sour to taste then add a yeast strain to outcompete the bacteria. Again, hop sensitive so easy on them…or dry hop the heck out of it! You may also want to experiment with blending sour low hop beer with an ale strain beer.

... the amount of bacteria in our homebrew units should eliminate the use of a starter. Pitching on the warm side will speed up the souring but RVA 600, a pure culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, the first commercially available probiotic propagated for use in brewing, does just fine at room temp. We had originally developed RVA 600 as a mix but fell in love with the pure strain.

SouthYeast Labs on Lactobacillus 1 and 2

The L2 strain grows best at 86°F-100°F (30°C-37.7°C), and does not work well over 100°F. Keep IBU's low to none. L1 will likely be discontinued due to high amounts of acetic acid production .

White Labs on WLP672

"It is intended for secondary, so you only need to do a starter if you are doing a primary fermentation with it. DME would be the best substrate... Since its a Lacto species, you don't really want to aerate it. A slow stir-plate would be good, to keep it moving, but not much more than that." - Sarah Neel, White Labs, Sales and Customer Service (quoted with permission).

General Advice

Starters and Pitching Rate

In addition to the starter information given in the Manufacturer Tips above, this section includes general advice for Lactobacillus starters for homebrewers and brewers. For growing Lactobacillus in a lab environment, or from an initial grouping of cells from a plate/slant or smaller cell count, MRS media is the most efficient growth media. However, for full pitches of Lactobacillus in beer/wort, brewers probably don't want to add that much MRS media to their beer since MRS media has a distinct odor and smell that would not be desirable in beer . Therefore, growing Lactobacillus in a wort-based starter media is recommended for building full pitches of Lactobacillus. See External Resources for additional starter guides.

Pitching ~0.5-1 liter per ~20 liters of wort (~0.75-1 gallon per barrel) of Lactobacillus starter is the general guideline. The exact advisable pitching rates of commercial cultures may differ from manufacture to manufacturer. . Counting cells and pitching an exact cell count is the best approach. However, counting cells of Lactobacillus under a microscope can be difficult to achieve due to the small size of bacteria cells, so starter volumes are generally used instead when talking about pitching rates for Lactobacillus . Matt Miller of Sour Beer Blog and Richard Preiss of Escarpment Yeast Labs advise that if ideal growth (1-2 billion cells/mL) can be achieved (for example by using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure or MRS media), then pitching as little as 100-125 mL of fresh Lactobacillus starter for 5 gallons of beer can achieve desirable acidity within 24 hours . Moderately ideal growth in a starter results in around 500 million cells/mL, resulting in a 400 mL starter for 5 gallons, and low growth results in around 100 million cells/mL, resulting in a 2 liter starter for 5 gallons, according to Matt Miller (see Matt Miller's article for more details) . However, it is difficult to verify how much growth has occurred with cheaper microscopes, so these rates may or may not be helpful to the brewer.

Another thing to consider is that achieving a pH of 4 as fast as possible is advisable for preventing off-flavors from other microbes . Larger pitch rates tend to achieve a lower pH faster . Therefore, unless using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure, pitching 0.5-1 liters of starter for 5 gallons of wort is advisable in general. Even when using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure, over-pitching Lactobacillus is not a concern (pitching an overly massive starter wort could produce undesirable flavors), so the same pitch rate should still be considered unless the brewer is confident that high growth rate has been achieved in the starter. Other factors that might affect the effectiveness of a volume based starter is the species/strain of the Lactobacillus being used, how much yeast contamination has occurred, and how old the Lactobacillus starter is. Some species/strains may require a larger volume of starter, as well as if yeast has contaminated the starter or wort (see 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation). If a Lactobacillus culture is older than 1 month, a fresh starter should be made. Keeping a separate Erlenmeyer flask for Lactobacillus starters can help to prevent yeast contamination .

Starter mediums that brewers have used include unhopped DME wort starters and apple juice starters. These tend to be adequate for many brewers. However, Samuel Aeschlimann from Eureka Brewing Blog showed that using DME with a little bit of apple juice, chalk, and yeast nutrients provides close to optimal cell densities that match MRS media cell densities.

Although more experiments and probably needed, agitation is believed to be an important factor for both yeast and bacteria in general. Gentle stirring on a stir plate or orbital shaker, or frequent gentle manual agitation leads to faster growth and a higher number of organisms. Agitation keeps the microbes in solution. It also maximizes the microbes' access to nutrients and disperses waste evenly. In a non-agitated starter, the microbes are limited to the diffusion rate of nutrients, leading to a slower and more stressful growth . Although Lactobacillus are aerotolerant and oxygen usually does not negatively affect their growth (except in the case of L. plantarum, which has been shown to produce acetic acid when exposed to oxygen), it is also generally not needed (an exception to this may be L. brevis, which has been shown to increase growth rates in the presence of oxygen ). Therefore, it is generally best practice to prevent aerating the starter with an airlock for Lactobacillus starters.

Samuel Aeschlimann's Starter Procedures

Although 100% apple juice or 100% DME starters will "work" for Lactobacillus starters, they do not provide optimal growth conditions. Samuel Aeschlimann from Eureka Brewing Blog ran a set of experiments that found a DME based recipe for starter wort that produces a very high cell density similar to that of MRS media (MRS media provides optimal growth rates for Lactobacillus). The recipe for this starter wort is: 1.040 SG (10°P) Dried Malt Extract wort with 10% apple juice + 20 grams of chalk (CaCO3) per liter + yeast nutrients. Regarding the use of chalk, it is the preferred buffer because it does not react with CO2 (unlike baking soda), so it won't be consumed by exposure to air due to CO2 production by the Lacto. It also has a pKa (maximum buffering capacity) of around 4.6, which is ideal for Lactobacillus growth. The fact that it easily precipitates out also makes it ideal to use as a buffer . To create a 1 liter starter for 20 liters of wort, follow these directions:

1. Add 100 grams of DME to around 900 mL of water and heat pasteurize/boil as you would normally do for a starter. This should make 1.040 SG (10°P) starter wort.
2. Cool the DME wort to the desired incubation temperature (see step 4), and add 100 mL of pasteurized apple juice, 20 grams of chalk (CaCO3), and half a teaspoon of yeast nutrients. The chalk won't dissolve into solution, so don't worry about it. . Boiling the apple juice will destroy some of its nutrients, and since it is pasteurized boiling it isn't necessary .
3. Best practice is that starters should not be aerated, although there may be an exception to this for L. brevis . Some people prefer to stir their starter with an airlock in order to keep the bacteria in suspension, others do not use a stir plate and keep the starter still. One advantage to not using a stir plate at least until the brewer is more familiar with their culture is that the top of the starter will begin to clear when the starter is done if the starter was kept still.
4. The starter should be held at the temperature best suited for the culture as shown in the Culture Charts.
5. Reference the above Culture Charts for how long the starter should be incubated for before pitching. If a stir plate is not used, one indication that the starter is done will be when the top of the starter begins to clear .
6. The chalk is not desirable to pitch into the beer because of its buffering effect. The chalk will sediment within hours of being added to the starter, or if a stir plate is used, a couple of hours after the stir plate is turned off . The Lactobacillus should stay in suspension for at least a day or two after the starter is done, so swirling the starter isn't necessary, although it is certainly an option. If the starter is swirled, allow a couple of hours for the chalk to sediment out again. After the chalk sediments to the bottom of the flask, pour all of the liquid from the top of the starter into the wort/beer, and leave the chalk sediment behind. Avoid cold crashing the starter because it can have an adverse effect on the bacteria's health .

See Lacto Starters, by Bryan Heit of Sui Generis blog for additional information on Lactobacillus starters.

Cell Growth

"I typically grow it by itself anaerobically in MRS media. Seems to work very well and results in good growth. I've personally had the best success with MRS media and in an anaerobic environment, though I know some Lactobacillus strains grow aerobically just fine. The problem with growing lactic acid bacteria is the acid they produce will eventually inhibit their own growth. MRS contains a buffer to help combat the drop in pH as a result of LAB metabolism, which keeps the pH around 6-6.5 (I think) for optimal growth. I usually grow them at 35 C, but sometimes incubator space is at a premium (like right now) and I just [use a stir plate with an airlock]" . - Nick Impellitteri from The Yeast Bay on general Lactobacillus cell growth

Maximum cell densities of Pedio and Lactobacillus are around 1-9 billion cells/mL (need ref). Since they tend to have high nutrient demands, this number varies based on the conditions of the propogation .

Most Lactobacillus species have a thermal death rate of ~145°F (63°C). Freezing without glycerol will kill most cells, but it is possible for a very small number of cold-resistant mutant cells to survive (~1:19:00 in).

All prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria in general, are categorized based on the levels of oxygen in their environment in which they can grow and how they utilize oxygen if at all . Lactobacillus species are usually considered to be "facultative anaerobes" (or "facultative aerobes") . Facultative anaerobes make energy from oxygen if it is present via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, but otherwise engage in anaerobic fermentation . Lactobacilli, however, are unique in that they blur the line between facultative anaerobes and another class of prokaryotes known as aerotolerant anaerobes (anaerobes that do not use oxygen to generate energy, but can grow in the presence of oxygen). They can utilize oxygen, but not through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. They use an alternative pathway instead. This pathway uses flavine-containing oxidases and peroxidases to carry out the oxidation of NADH2 using O2. Lactobicalli then are a somewhat special case of facultative anaerobes . The important take away here is that Lactobacillus do not care if oxygen is present in order to grow and produce energy for themselves and lactic acid for brewers.

Hop Tolerance

Editor's note: the following are comments by Bryan Heit of Sui Generis Brewing blog

There is a fair bit of research into hop tolerance out there; its not a simple topic as a number of factors come into play to produce hop tolerance. To make things even more complicated, hop tolerance is an inducable trait in many Lactobacillus species - meaning that a seemingly susceptible strain can become resistant by culturing in ever-increasing doses, and a seemingly resistant strain can become susceptible after a generation or four in a hop-free media.

I've been trying to generate a permanently high-alpha acid resistant lacto strain for a few months now. I've been culturing L. brevis in escalating IBU wort (starting at 10, currently at 25). Every 4th generation (1 generation = a subculture of a stationary-phase lacto culture, not as in # cell divisions) I pass it through 2 generations of an IBU-free media to try and select for strains which maintain this resistance. This seems to have worked upto ~18 IBU, but past that point the resistance appears to remain inducable. I'm hoping a few more generations will provide me with a permanently tolerant strain.

There are some other options; I've purified (but didn't keep - doh) some pretty resistant strains from grain by by making plates where you half-fill a plate, on an angle, with a high-IBU wort, and then overlay that with a no-IBU wort. This gives you a gradient plate, with low-IBUs on the end where the hopped-wort layer is thinnest and high IBUs where it is thickest. Some of those strains were resistant to over 30IBU, but being early in my yeast farming days I didn't bother keeping those .

Hops contain multiple compounds which are bacteriostatic. Alpha acids are the best understood, but other compounds such as beta acids, a number of polyphenols (e.g. xanthohumol), and even some of the aromatic oils (e.g. humulene) have been found to have some inhibitory effects on lactobacilli. The later compounds (especially the beta acids) are why aged hops retain inhibitory characteristics, despite being nearly devoid of alpha acids. In all cases these compounds appear to inhibit the bacteria in the same way - all of these compounds contain fairly large, flat-ish, hydrophobic regions. These regions do not "like" to be in water, and thus will be driven into the hydrophobic core of the bacterial plasma membrane. This opens minute holes in the membrane which prevents the bacteria from maintaining ion (in particular, proton) gradients, leading to suppression of growth and even death of the bacteria.

Hop resistance is generally due to the induced expression of "multi-drug transport" (MDT) genes, which are "pumps" that recognize the general chemical signature of membrane-disruptive compounds, and then pump them out of the cell. Other mechanisms may also be involved - a few papers have identified changes in the lipid make-up of the plasma membrane, which may increase stability. This change also occurs in response to alcohol (to improve stability), so its not clear if that particular change has anything to do with hop resistance.

Lactobacilli usually don't have these MDT genes 'on', which is why a lot of strains won't do well with hops in the first batch of beer, but over time become more and more tolerant as they increase expression of the MDT's. The overall MDT expression level, in theory, determines the maximum resistance of the bacteria. In the case of my experiments, I'm looking for mutants whose MDT's are permanently stuck 'on' for the resistant strain and 'off' for the sensitive strain .

See also:

• How hops prevent infection, by Lars Garshol.
• Per Buer's Video Demonstration of how Dry Hopping Affects multiple Lactobacillus species.

Storage

For dried Lactobacillus, such as probiotics or Dry Yeast for Sour Ales BlackManYeast products, Bryan Heit's lab studies have shown that they can lose viability ~80 times faster at room temperature than when stored at refrigeration temperatures. Therefore, it is recommended to store dried Lactobacillus at refrigeration temperatures.

Liquid cultures become stressed by two factors: storage in an acidic environment, and storage without sugar . Sugar storage creates more acid as the Lactobacillus ferments it, so it may not be ideal unless the Lactobacillus is continually fed. Ideally, liquid cultures of Lactobacillus should be stored frozen with 20% glycerol, or refrigerated as slants with water or mineral oil. Also, there is anecdotal evidence that certain species may survive better at room temperature. Bryan hypothesizes that stable temperatures may be more important than storing at an "ideal" temperature . For instructions on how to make slants at home capable of storing any microbe for potentially 2+ years, see Bryan Heit's video on Sui Generis Brewing (requires a pressure cooker).

A practical option for brewers without a pressure cooker is to store the liquid culture with a few grams of a buffering chemical such as calcium carbonate (chalk), potassium phosphate, calcium sulfate (gypsum), or calcium hydroxide (pickling lime). The exact amounts should be adjusted to reach a pH of about 4.0-6.0 for the entire solution (begin with 1 or 2 grams per liter, and adjust as needed) .

Tom Belgrano offers these additional steps in order to remove the residual sugars from a storage solution, as well as raise the pH :

1. Cold crash the starter until the wort is clear.
2. Decant the liquid, and then refill it with water (distilled is recommended, but not required).
3. Cold crash again until the liquid falls clear.
4. Decant the liquid.
5. Store the resulting slurry at refrigeration temperatures. A slight drop in pH may still occur, but this technique should keep the storage solution well above 4.0 pH.

Commercially available Lactobacillus strains and their pH change over time

All data provided by Matt Humbard. Similar results were reported by Lance Shaner's 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation experiment.

pH change at 86°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 86°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.57	5.13	5.59	4.81
18	4.4	3.94	4.62	3.6
24	4.2	3.78	4.6	3.45
75.5	3.88	3.44	4.46	3.27
120	3.85	3.4	4.4	3.25

pH change at 98°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 98°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.61	5.05	5.55	5.02
18	4.15	3.74	4.54	3.22
24	4.05	3.67	4.54	3.2
75.5	3.5	3.31	4.32	3.22
120	3.5	3.29	4.3	3.21

pH change at 102°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 102°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.45	5.02	5.5	5.11
18	4.13	3.73	4.61	3.4
24	4.06	3.6	4.58	3.29
75.5	3.72	3.33	4.47	3.23
120	3.68	3.3	4.4	3.2

pH change at 108°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 108°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.6	4.95	5.51	4.99
18	4.49	3.71	4.8	3.54
24	4.37	3.52	4.6	3.45
75.5	4.33	3.35	4.62	3.34
120	4.29	3.3	4.51	3.3

Metabolism

Editor's note: the following section was reviewed for accuracy by MTF members Bryan Heit, Matt Humbard, Lance Shaner, and Richard Preiss.

Types of Metabolism

Homolactic and Heterolactic pathways

All metabolism by Lactobacillus, including growth, will require sugar to be consumed and lactate (lactic acid) to be produced. Two categories of metabolism exist, homolactic and heterolactic. In summary, homolactic fermentation produces only lactic acid, while heterolactic fermentation produce lactic acid, CO2, and ethanol/acetic acid .

Homolactic

Homolactic metabolism is described as the cell catabolizing one molecule of glucose to yield two molecules of pyruvate, which is then further reduced to two molecules of lactate (lactic acid). Homolactic fermentation only allows the fermentation of hexoses (glucose, mannose, etc.). Homolactic metabolism follows the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway .

Heterolactic

Heterolactic metabolism is described as the cell catabolizing one molecule of glucose into one molecule of CO2, one molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate, and one molecule of acetyl phosphate. The molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate is reduced to one molecule of lactate, and the acetyl phosphate is reduced to one molecule of ethanol (or one molecule of acetic acid instead of ethanol, depending on its growing environment ). Heterolactic fermentation allows the fermentation of hexoses and pentoses . Heterolactic fermentation follows the pentose phosphate pathway, or also called the "phosphogluconate pathway" .

Categories of Lactobacillus

There are three categories of Lactobacillus based on the type of fermentation they are capable of (homolactic, heterolactic, or both).

1. Obligatory homofermentative Lactobacillus only perform homolactic fermentation, and thus only produce lactic acid .
2. Obligatory heterofermentative Lactobacillus only perform heterolactic fermentation, and thus produce lactic acid, CO2, and ethanol (or sometimes acetic acid instead of ethanol) .
3. Facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus generally are homolactic when there is an abundance of carbohydrates, but can also perform heterolactic fermentation when carbohydrates are not abundant .

Other factors can determine if a facultative heterofermentative species uses homolactic or heterolactic fermentation. For example, L. plantarum, which is a facultatively heterofermentative species, is homolactic without the presence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, however, it performs heterolactic fermentation, and produces acetic acid .

Obligatory Homofermentative	Obligatory Heterofermentative	Facultatively Heterofermentative
L. acidophilus	L. brevis	L. casei
L. delbruekii	L. buchneri	L. curvatus
L. helveticas	L.fermentum	L. plantarum
L. salivarius	L. reuteri	L. sakei
L. rhamnosus	L. pontis	L. bavaricus
L. lactis	L. cellobiosus	L. coryniformis
L. leichmannii	L. confusus
Streptococcus bovis	L. coprophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus	L. fermentatum
Pediococcus acidilactici	L. sanfrancisco
Pediococcus damnosus	Leuconostoc dextranicum
Pediococcus pentocacus	Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Enterococcus faecium	Leuconostoc paramesenteroides
Enterococcus faecalis

100% Lactobacillus Fermentation

Lance Shaner's experiment on testing 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation showed that pure cultures of WLP677, WLP672, Wyeast 5335, Wyeast 5223-PC, and the L. plantarum from Omega Yeast OYL-605, could not fully attenuate a 1.037 SG wort. The most attenuative Lactobacillus culture, WLP677, was only able to attenuate down to 1.03255 SG. It is likely that all species and strains of Lactobacillus available to brewers cannot fully attenuate wort. In addition, this study showed at most a 0.29% ABV in 100% Lactobacillus fermentations (attributed to WLP677). See 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation for more information. If a higher attenuation is achieved, cross contamination of yeast is most likely the cause.

The amount of CO2 produced is very small in heterofermentative species. Lance Shaner of Omega Yeast Labs noted that although L. brevis is classified as obligatory heterofermentative, the human eye cannot detect any CO2 production in the Omega Yeast Lactobacillus blend (OYL-605). Lance still needs to test this blend to see if it produces any CO2 at all. It is clear though that any type of Lactobacillus, regardless of whether it is heterofermentative or homofermentative, cannot produce a krausen. Krausens are sometimes seen with the use of commercially available Lactobacillus cultures. If a krausen develops in wort when it is the only culture that is pitched, this is indicative of cross contamination of Saccharomyces or Brettanomyces in either the wort, or the Lactobacillus culture itself . In addition to this, heterolactic fermentation by Lactobacillus can only produce 10-20% of the ethanol that Saccharomyces can produce , therefore a high level of attenuation cannot be achieved by Lactobacillus and is again a sign of cross contamination by yeast.

Elde Arendt, a brewing scientist that specializes in Lactobacillus presented her work at the Belgian Brewing Conference 2015. In it she explained that LAB will only ferment 0.5°P of wort regardless of the gravity of that wort. When asked at the end of the presentation why Lactobacillus only ferments ~0.5°P (note that Shaner's experiment shows Lactobacillus fermenting ~1°P, although this may be due to a margin of error since Shaner only performed this experiment once), considering that Lactobacillus ferments maltose and there is plenty of maltose in wort, Arendt responded that she believes that the bacteria reaches max cell density in the wort with relatively little sugar requirements (~16 mins in and ~25 mins in):

• See also 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation.

Sugar Utilization and Secondary Metabolites

For a chart and in depth discussion on what types of sugars are fermentable by different species of Lactobacillus, as well as charts on secondary metabolites, see Matt Humbard's Physiology of Flavors in Beer – Lactobacillus Species blog article. Heterofermentative species can also produce Tetrahydropyridine.

In summary:

• Different species of Lactobacillus are capable of fermenting different types of sugars, including sugars that Saccharomyces may not be able to ferment.

• All types of Lactobacillus produce different levels of secondary metabolites (compounds that are not required for the organism to live ) in addition to the primary metabolites discussed above. These include acetaldehyde, diacetyl, fusel alcohols, and many more compounds (see Matt's article for more details).

• Despite some beliefs by brewers, Lactobacillus has not been shown to produce significant levels butyric acid (see the butyric acid page for more information) in the presence of oxygen or otherwise in brewer's wort. Some species might be able to produce small amounts of Isovaleric Acid in the presence of Streptococcus thermophilus or another alpha-keto acid producing microorganism (see the Isovaleric Acid page for details).

• Although Lactobacillus are not not inhibited by oxygen, they are generally not considered to be organisms that produce oxygen-dependent metabolites. Some heterofermentative species produce acetic acid, butyric acid (not much in wort, but more so in fermented milk products), and propanoic acid, but they always do so through an anaerobic pathway. The presence of oxygen does not affect metabolism in general .

• The major off-flavor that some Lactobacillus strains might produce is acetaldehyde . Saccharomyces will help to metabolize the acetaldehyde produced by Lactobacillus.

Foam Degradation

Photo curtosy of Mark Horsley. Left is a 5.30 pH wort and the right is a 4.75pH wort. Both were kettle soured with L. delbrueckii. Both reached 3.30 pH post ferment with finishing gravity of 1.7 Plato.

Some species/strains of Lactobacillus can create their own amino acids (this is to say they are prototrophic), whereas other species/strains cannot (this is to say they are autotrophic). Autotrophic Lactobacillus can break down proteins, including foam forming proteins in beer, through a process called proteolysis , the breakdown of various proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids through the use of various enzymes . Both homofermentative and heterofermentative species have been observed to have proteolytic activity . This process is a large part of cheese and yogurt fermentation. Lactobacillus species that have been identified as breaking down proteins (mostly in cheese or yogurt) include Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum . Results of using various species/strains appears to demonstrate that different species/strains are worse for degrading head retention proteins than others. For example, it's been reported that B.H. Meyer says that souring with L. delbruekii creates better head retention than souring with other species such as L. brevis. . Different strains of the same species may also have different levels of proteolytic activity .

Proteolytic activity has been shown to decrease as pH falls below 5.0 for some species of Lactobacillus . In order to combat poor head retention in beers that are soured with Lactobacillus, it has been suggested by German brewing scientist, Burghard Hagen Meyer, to lower the pH of the wort to 4.5-4.8 with food grade lactic acid or phosphoric acid before pitching Lactobacillus . Although the lowering of the wort's pH inhibits the proteolytic activity of Lactobacillus, it does not stop it completely, so continued exposure to Lactobacillus over time may still degrade the available head formation proteins. Additionally, ingredients that increase head retention such as unmalted chit, malted wheat, and carafoam have been used to help combat poor head retention in beers soured by Lactobacillus . Professional brewer Kristen England of Bent Brewstillery tested Hexa Iso Hop Extract by dosing at 4 times the recommended dosage and found that it greatly increased head retention in a Berliner Weisse (3.5% abv, pH 3.1, TA ~1, BU 5), with a minor taste difference. Kristen recommends experimenting with lower dosages to avoid too much flavor impact.

Another method that has been reported to help with head retention when Sour Worting (kettle souring) is to add a pound of DME per 5 gallons of wort during the heat pasteurization process (after the wort has been soured with Lactobacillus). One could also steep specialty grains such as wheat malt, chit malt, carafoam, or carapils, and add the extract into the kettle during the heat pasteurization or boiling process. This will add back head formation proteins that were lost during the Lactobacillus fermentation .

See also This discussion with Gareth Young on MTF.

Kristen England of Bent Brewstillery's Hexa Iso Hop Extract results (Hop Iso added to the left beer, nothing added to the right)

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

• Alternative Bacteria Sources
• Mixed Cultures
• Mixed Fermentation
• Sour Worting
• Scientific Publications
• Pediococcus
• Hops

External Resources

• Physiology of Flavors in Beer – Lactobacillus Species - Matt Humbard's overview of different species of Lactobacillus physiology, discussion on homofermentative vs heterofermentative physiology, which species can ferment different types of sugars, and secondary metabolites. Extensive data points included.
• Beer Microbiology – Lactobacillus pH experiment - Matt Humbard's experiment to determine final pH of individual Lactobacillus strains used in the graphs on this page.
• Lactobacillus Starter Guide by Derek Springer. - Information about starters for both pure strains, as well as culturing from grains.
• Evaluate starter media to propagate Lactobacillus sp., Eureka Brewing Blog, by Samuel Aeschlimann. - This experiment showed that growing Lactobacillus in 10°P DME, 10% apple juice + CaCO3 (20 g L-1) + yeast nutrients lead to the best growth results, and close to expensive MRS media growth results.
• Lacto Starters, by Bryan Heit of Sui Generis blog - Step by step guide to making a starter for Lactobacillus.
• Yeast terminology, part 2: bacteria, by Lars Garshol.
• Elke Arendt, presentation at Belgian Brewing Conference 2015 on scientific findings in LAB in malting and brewing.
• Lactobacillus 2.0 – Advanced Techniques for Fast Souring Beer. Sour Beer Blog.