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Montagner et al. (2024) examined the biofilms of several strains of ''B. bruxellensis'' that were found at one of three different wineries in the Bordeaux region of France. They reported that phenol production occurred within the biofilm and hypothesized that it is possible that phenol contamination in wine could be a result of the wine coming into contact with the biofilm rather than solely from ''Brettanomyces'' growing in the wine. They also observed the detachment of ''B. bruxellensis'' cells from the biofilm and into the wine <ref name="Montagner_2024" />.
Biofilm formation in some strains of ''S. cerevisiae'' have been linked to genes that code for flocculation, specifically the ''Flo11'' gene. This gene is capable of expressing the so-called ''flor'' trait (a reference to sherry flor), which is the adhesion of cells to surfaces as well as the air-liquid interface of sherry flor biofilm (also refereed to as "[[Pellicle|pellicles]]" by brewers) <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567135605001005 Jennifer C. Bayly, Lois M. Douglas, Isak S. Pretorius, Florian F. Bauer, Anne M. Dranginis. Characteristics of Flo11-dependent flocculation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research, Volume 5, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 1151-1156. ISSN 1567-1356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.05.004.]</ref>. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517425000343#bib0002 Di Canito et al. (2025)] demonstrated that ''Brettanomyces'' strains also have a wide range of ''Flo1'' and ''Flo11'' genes that code for flocculation, with ''B. bruxelensis'' strains being commonly more flocculant than strains of ''S. cerevisiae''. They also demonstrated that the presence of environmental stressors such as ethanol or SO<sub>2</sub> increase the flocculation of flocculant positive strains of ''B. bruxellensis''. This work was the first step in linking the ''Flo11'' gene to biofilm formation in ''B. bruxellensis'' <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517425000343#bib0002 Alessandra Di Canito, Roberto Foschino, Ileana Vigentini. Flocculation Mechanisms in Brettanomyces bruxellensis: Influence of ethanol and sulfur dioxide on FLO gene expression. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, Volume 8, 2025, 100372, ISSN 2666-5174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2025.100372.]</ref>.
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