Sour Beer Terminology

The state of "sour beer terminology" is a confusing and daunting one. This page is an attempt to track the way the brewing industry uses certain terminology in sour beer, and to track trends and debates regarding this. See also Style Guidelines and Competitions.

Terminology and Combining Techniques

The techniques used by brewers to create sour, acidic, funky, and wild beers often blur the lines between different established techniques. This makes it difficult to always put a box around a given brewer's process. For example, some brewers will use an open vessel such as a coolship to cool their wort overnight, and collect ambient microbes from the surrounding environment similar to how Spontaneous Fermentation is done, but also will add cultures from a laboratory afterward. Some brewers will use a kettle souring process to create acidity up front, and then pasteurize the beer and age it in a barrel without Brettanomyces, thus creating an acidic beer with residual sugars. Some brewers may first sour wort, not pasteurize it, and then add S. cerevisiae and Brettanomyces to the beer to finish the fermentation, and then either steel ferment or barrel ferment the beer. The ways in which different techniques can be combined are too many to list and are constantly evolving with the creativity of brewers.

In addition to the overlap of different processes, there are also other unresolved issues with labels such as "wild" or "spontaneous". For example, is a beer only considered "spontaneous" if it is cooled in a coolship, or is it also "spontaneous" if the wort is simply transferred to a barrel that previously held a beer that was inoculated only by ambient microbes from cooling in a coolship? Are microbes that are wild caught from fruit or flowers and then isolated and cultured considered "spontaneous" or "wild" or something else? Some terminology is still up for debate and evolving as brewers continue to discuss them.

Both of these issues not only make talking about sour/funky brewing difficult between brewers, but they also make it even more challenging to communicate to consumers what it is the brewer is doing to make the beer that they are drinking, and why that process is important. Efforts by professional brewers have recently been made to begin discussing these terms, and what effects on the market various terms might have. For example, brewers who barrel age sour beers have occasionally been critical of other brewers who produce kettle sour beer. One common complaint is against the practice of charging a similar price point to barrel-aged sours for kettle soured beers, which generally take much less time to produce. Most kettle soured beers, however, are given a fair and reasonable price point by most brewers. On the other side of the discussion however, brewers who sour wort are critical of the term "kettle souring" being portrayed as only a "shortcut" or only a way to make "one dimensional sour beer", and thus causing consumers to perhaps view kettle soured beers in a negative light despite the unique beers that can be created from such a process. Gose and Berliner Weissbier, although popular and worthy styles of beer, are also not the only styles that can be brewed with wort souring or kettle souring techniques. As with any relatively new practice, knowledge and experience in kettle souring techniques are continuing to improve, and the quality of these beers will continue to improve, just as they did when American brewers first started exploring and learning how to produce high-quality barrel aged mixed fermentation beers. Indeed, brewers who are passionate about souring wort often know just as much (and sometimes more) about the microbes and processes they are using than brewers who use mixed cultures, and they can create both desirable and very unique beers. In conclusion, educating consumers about specific processes that different brewers use to produce their beers will foster understanding and appreciation for the wide array of different techniques and philosophies, and their resulting beers for both consumers and fellow brewers. To that point, this wiki will attempt to help educate the public about the various sour and funky brewing processes.

The beginnings of these discussions have begun to see panels such as the "Six Pack Stories" panel below with Jeffrey Stuffings of Jester King Brewery, Jeff Young of Blue Owl Brewing, Brandon Jones of Yazoo Brewing Company (and Milk/Embrace The Funk), Jay Goodwin of The Rare Barrel, and Michael Lalli of Prairie Artisan Ales (audio improves around 27 minutes):

See also:

• "MTF Live" with Bob Sylvester of Saint Somewhere Brewing, Khris Johnson of Green Bench Brewery, Garrett Crowell formerly of Jester King, and Jake Miller formerly of Prairie discussing kettle souring and sour beer terminology (interview starts at ~22 minutes in, and the discussion about kettle sours starts around 1:25:00).

MTF Discussions

• Discussion on Jester King's proposal of "Méthode Gueuze". See also this Jester King blog post.
• Discussion on general sour beer terminology.
• Justifying the cost of kettle sour beers.
• Another thread on justifying prices, and discussing beers that blur the line between a "kettle sour" and a mixed fermentation sour.
• Discussions focused on what to call beers brewed with wild caught yeast.
• Thread on a guild of commercial sour brewers (Sour and Wild Ales Guild) that aims to discuss sour beer styles.
• When is it appropriate to use the word "terroir" in beer brewing, if at all?
• Debating and defining "Méthode Traditionnelle".
• Debating whether kettle souring is actually a type of "mixed fermentation" or not.
• Discussing with Lars Garshol if wild caught yeast can be classified as "kveik".

Misc

General Beer Styles Discussions

• "How We Talk About Beer Styles", Browne and Bitter Blog.
• MTF discussion on whether or not mixed fermentation beers should be categorized as "ales" or not.
• Craft Beer and Brewing interview with Brandon Jones on sour beer terminology.
• MTF thread on Justin Amaral's attempt to create a new style guideline for alternative fermentation alcoholic beverages.

Lambic

• Lambic.info article on the use of the term "lambic".
• MTF Lambic Page on the Lambic Appellation and the "Méthode Traditionelle" trademark.
• Jean Van Roy on "Methode Gueuze" (~44 minutes in).

Saison

• Beer historian Yvan De Baets of Brasserie de la Senne discusses the evolution of the saison style in other countries (begins at 57 minutes in).

Processes

• Defining "spontaneous fermentation".
• "Solera" versus "perpetual blend" and the potential misuse of the word "solera" in brewing. See also the Solera wiki page.
• The difference between "coolships" and "open fermenters", and discussing commercial breweries that conflate the two versus those that distinguish between the two.

Kveik

• Discussing why wild caught yeast shouldn't be considered the same as "kveik".