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Wine
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Natural and wild wine processes, or wine processes that relate to mixed fermentation brewing.
==Wine Making Processes==
===Carbonic Maceration===
* [https://www.wineenthusiast.com/basics/carbonic-maceration-whole-cluster-fermentation-101/ "What is Carbonic Maceration?" by Christina Pickard at Wine Enthusiast.]
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849274000014?via%3Dihub "Carbonic Maceration Wines: Characteristics and Winemaking Process" a review of scientific research on carbonic maceration.]
* [http://palatepress.com/2010/11/wine/carbonic-maceration-art-of-nouveau/ "Carbonic Maceration: Art of Nouveau" by Erika Szymanski, November 18, 2010.] See also related [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1776689209025952/ MTF thread].
* [http://www.wineanorak.com/wholebunch.htm?fref=gc&dti=592560317438853 "Whole bunches and stems in red winemaking" by Jamie Goode.]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/posts/6186252254736270/ MTF thread by Tristan Stewart about carbonic maceration on plums.]
* "Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Volume 63, Speciality Wines", chapter “Carbonic Maceration Wines: Characteristics and Winemaking Process”. ISBN 10: 0123849276 ISBN 13: 9780123849274. Publisher: Academic Press, 2011
===Pre-fermentation Cold Maceration===
* [http://www.brsquared.org/wine/Articles/coldsoak.htm "Pre-fermentation cold maceration," by Ben Rotter, 2006-2008.]
* [https://www.academia.edu/28661104/Yeast_population_dynamics_during_prefermentative_cold_soak_of_Cabernet_Sauvignon_and_Malbec_wines Yeast population dynamics during prefermentative cold soak of Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec wines.]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/4194953047199544 MTF thread on pre-fermentation cold maceration.]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/posts/7207827065912112/ "A Lesson in Spontaneous Fermentation: Making Beautiful Strawberry Wine" by Cory Widmayer on MTF.]
==Biochemistry==
===Hyperoxidation===
* [https://daily.sevenfifty.com/meet-black-chardonnay "Meet Black Chardonnay" by Katherine Cole, August 3, 2017.] See also [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1780352361992970/ MTF thread].
===Malolactic Fermentation===
See the [[Cider#Malolactic_Fermentation|Cider]] page.
See also:
* [https://psuwineandgrapes.wordpress.com/2018/10/26/understanding-difficult-malolactic-fermentations/ "Understanding Difficult Malolactic Fermentations" by Dr. Molly Kelly, Enology Extension Educator, Department of Food Science.]
===Lactic Acid Bacteria===
''Lactobacillus plantarum'' has been found to produce 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) from precursors in wine (3SH-S-cys and 3SH-S-cysgly) at a more efficient rate than wine yeast. 3SH is a volatile thiol that has a grapefruit-like flavor and aroma and is considered to be an important flavor component of some wines <ref>[http://sci-hub.hk/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814618305594 Impact of Lactobacillus plantarum on thiol precursor biotransformation leading to production of 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol. Hideki Takasea, Kanako Sasakib, Daiki Kiyomichib, Hironori Kobayashia, Hironori Matsuoa, Ryoji Takatab. 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.116.]</ref>. 50 ppm of total SO<sub>2</sub> can inhibit the growth of lactic acid bacteria in finished wine <ref>[https://psuwineandgrapes.wordpress.com/2018/10/26/understanding-difficult-malolactic-fermentations/ Dr. Molly Kelly. "Understanding Difficult Malolactic Fermentations". Wine & Grapes U. 10/26/2018. Retrieved 11/22/2018.]</ref>, although some species/strains require between 100-256 mg/L total SO<sub>2</sub> in order to be inhibited (see [[Pediococcus#Sulfur_Dioxide|''Pediococcus'']]) <ref name="Wade_2018">[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajgw.12366 Role of Pediococcus in winemaking. M.E. Wade, M.T. Strickland, J.P. Osborn, C.G. Edwards. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12366.]</ref>.
Lactic acid bacteria are often suppressed by yeast fermentation, which is caused in part by the yeast consuming nutrients. Very low levels of alcohol (1.5%) have been shown to stimulate early growth of LAB, but growth and MLF begin to become inhibited around 6% ABV. Yeast produce SO<sub>2</sub>, which can also inhibit LAB. However, other studies have suggested that alcohol, SO<sub>2</sub>, and low nutrients are not the only suppressors to LAB. Studies have also shown that there can be an antagonistic relationship between ''O. oeni'' and ''[[Pediococcus]]'' in wine, which may be due to toxins produced by one that affects the other known as "bacteriocins". Bacteriocins have been proposed to winemakers by scientists as a way to reduce the populations of unwanted lactic acid bacteria, although further research is needed to perfect this approach to winemaking <ref name="Wade_2018" />.
The pH of the wine can have an impact on which lactic acid bacteria species will grow. Below a pH of 3.5, ''O. oeni'' is the most dominant LAB species. ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Pediococcus'' are more common in wines above a pH of 3.5, with ''Pediococcus'' being most common in wines with a pH between 3.8 and 4.0, although ''Pediococcus'' has also been found in wines with a pH as low as 3.2 <ref name="Wade_2018" />.
See also:
* [[Pediococcus]]
* [[Lactobacillus]]
===Other Microbes===
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/4/3/67/pdf&hl=en&sa=X&d=7714847337797213287&scisig=AAGBfm1B1bA0xGs8QaewSaDmyPtIGySDog&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt&hist=CYJIrnMAAAAJ:9738393698428002809:AAGBfm3E7Lb_CTccypdQhUZLuTqt87IGrg
===Biogenic Amines===
Biogenic amines are produced by all living things and are present in many fermented beverages. High dosages can lead to health issues such as vomiting, headache, asthma, hypotension, and cardiac palpitation. Thus, biogenic amines have been studied intensely <ref name="Wade_2018">[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajgw.12366 Role of Pediococcus in winemaking. M.E. Wade, M.T. Strickland, J.P. Osborn, C.G. Edwards. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12366.]</ref>. For more information, see [http://suigenerisbrewing.com/index.php/2019/01/22/biogenic-amines/ "Fact or Fiction – Biogenic Amines in Beer" by Dr. Bryan Heit].
See also:
* [[Spontaneous_Fermentation#Biogenic_Amines|Biogenic amines in spontaneously fermented beer.]]
* [[Pediococcus#Biogenic_Amines|Biogenic amine production in ''Pediococcus''.]]
* [[Brettanomyces#Biogenic_Amines|Biogenic amine production in ''Brettanomyces''.]]
==Beer and Wine Hybrids==
===Legal limits of Must in Beer===
Advice from James Howat of Black Project Spontaneous Ales on how much must can be added to beer legally for commercial brewers: contact the TTB and your local state government to present your formula and find out how much must is allowed. The state law may not match with the TTB law. Once they answer, ask for the code for the law for your records <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1823187114376161/?comment_id=1823198071041732&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D James Howat. Milk The Funk Facebook group on how much wine must can legally be added to beer. 09/16/2017.]</ref>.
===MTF Threads===
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1392709617423915/ Barrel fermented porter with 100 lbs of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes with stems, fermented with red wine yeast (BM45) and B. bruxellensis by Dara Rae McMains on MTF.] More tips on using ''Brettanomyces'' in wine from Dara Rae McMains [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1600562803305261/ here] and [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1146730852021794/ 100% fermented B. claussenii wine from Malvasia, Petite Manseng and Viognier grapes].
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1819173978110808/ Using northern climate cold hardy varietals with a lot of malic acid (Frontenac, Frontenac gris, etc.), and selecting bacteria for malolactic fermentation.]
Threads on using wine pumacepomace:* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1819582744736598/ Advice on adding pomage pomace to a beer, as well as must.]
Threads on harvesting yeast from wine grapes:
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1818906331470906/ Harvesting yeast from hybrid Regent and Cabernet Jura grapes, and a sub-thread on the validity of the term "natural wines".]
==Comparisons to Mixed Fermentation Beer==
===MTF Discussions===
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1773920032636203/?comment_id=1774788825882657&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D Dara Rae McMains on the leather quality of Bordeaux, Chateauneuf du Pape, old vine Cabernet Sauvignon especially.]
==See Also==
===External Resources===
* [httphttps://www.milkthefunkawri.com Example link.au/industry_support/winemaking_resources/sensory_assessment/recognition-of-wine-faults-and-taints/wine_faults/ Wine flavour, Faults, and Taints.]* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz4DauT5zlw Martha Stoumen | From Grape to Glass: Exploring Natural Wine (video overview presentation of the natural wine making process from a practical point of view).]
==References==
<references/>