Kveik

The book "Historical Brewing Techniques" by Lars Marius Garshol.

Sigmund Gjernes holding a Kveik Ring (gjærkrans). Photo by Lars Marius Garshol.

Kveik is a dialect word for "yeast" in Norwegian ("gjær" is the common word for "yeast" in Norwegian ), and today specifically refers to non-purified yeast that contains multiple domesticated (not wild) strains of S. cerevisiae and has been reused for generations in traditional Norwegian farmhouse brewing. Originally the word was used as a verb to mean "to start" or to "begin life" (~1 hour in).

Pronunciation:

1. Sounds close to "kvike" to English speakers .
2. Norwegian Andreas Misund Berntsen pronounces it for the wiki.
3. Lars Marius Garshol pronounces it three times and explains that there is no 'w' sound (~1:10:30 mins in).
4. Lars Marius Garshol pronounces it at around 2 minutes into episode two of the MTF podcast.
5. Norwegian farmhouse brewer, Terge Raftevold, pronounces it in this YouTube video at around 1:45.
6. Norwegian farmhouse brewer, Ivar A. Geithung, pronounces it at around 5 mins in this YouTube Video.
7. Geithung demonstrates two pronunciations depending on the region of Norway.
8. Farmhouse brewer Jørund Geving gives an example of the "quake" sounding pronounciation (~30 minutes in).
9. Norwegian farmhouse brewer, Kjetil Dale, pronounces it at 13:10.
10. Google Translate (click the "Listen" button).

The words "kveiken", "kveika", and "kveikja" are the dialectic definite articles for the word "kveik", which all translate to English as "the kveik" . The term "kveik" does not refer to a style of beer, but only the yeast used in traditional Norwegian farmhouse brewing (Garshol has encouraged brewers brewing non-farmhouse styles with kveik to call them "X Style Beer Brewed with Kveik" or something similar; see Terminology for more information on suggested approaches to naming classic styles fermented with kveik ). The word "kveik" is specifically used in the western part of Norway for family-owned, non-purified yeast, while other words such as "gjester" are used by central Norwegians, "gong" is used by locals in eastern Norway, "family yeast" is used by some Lithuanian brewers, and "hemjäst" is used by locals in Gotland. The term "landrace yeast" has been proposed to refer to kveik as well as other non-kveik farmhouse yeast cultures (for example, Simonaitis) .

Kveik yeast are extremely diverse genetically, presenting characteristics that are not typical in other brewing yeasts . Most farmhouse brewers have started buying their yeast, but some kveik cultures have been passed down from generations and inherited by modern farmhouse brewers in Norway who still use this yeast today and brew with traditional farmhouse methods. Much of the knowledge about kveik and historical farmhouse brewing in Norway has been researched and publicized by Lars Marius Garshol on his blog, Larsblog, and in the book Beer and Brewing Traditions in Norway by Odd Nordland (1969). In recent years kveik cultures have been sent to yeast labs for propagation and distribution to brewers around the world . The use of kveik is one of the many traditional methods still used by a few farmhouse brewers and homebrewers in Norway, along with other historical methods such as infusing the mash or boil with juniper (Juniperus communis ), not filtering, using short fermentations to achieve low carbonation, the use of wood-fired copper or iron kettles, and sometimes not boiling the wort (Raw Ale) . Kveik can also be used effectively to ferment a wide range of non-farmhouse styles, such as New England IPA and English beer styles, as well as cider, mead, and mash/wash for distillation.

Farmhouse yeasts from other countries such as Lithuania and Russia have been found to be both genetically different and express different fermentation profiles than the kveik yeasts of Norway, and are therefore not referred to as "kveik". See the Farmhouse Yeasts in Other Countries page and "Farmhouse yeast: what do we know?" by Lars Marius Garshol.

For a comprehensive list of kveik and other landrace farmhouse yeasts, see the Farmhouse Yeast Registry maintained by Lars Garshol.

"I see this is about to become a myth, so just to clear things up: kveik is not a style of beer. It's farmhouse yeast." ~ Lars Marius Garshol, December 29, 2016

Brief History and Description of Kveik

Brief History

Kveik was passed down from generation to generation within the family, and also shared among fellow brewers in the region. In this way, kveik evolved differently than the two major beer yeast genetic groups that are used in industrialized brewing. While mostly POF-, a trait that is selected for in many beer yeast strains that prevents the yeast from producing 4-vinylguaiacol phenol, other traits are reflective of how this yeast was used by traditional farmhouse brewers of the region. For example, as far back as 1621 (and probably prior), kveik was often stored dry on wooden logs called "kveikstokker" for up to a year or longer before being re-used in a new batch of beer (the process of re-using yeast from batch to batch is known as "backslopping" in brewing). Kveik was typically inoculated directly into the wort by submerging the kveikstokker into the wort at 30-40°C. The wort was often high gravity of around 1.080 SG, and the beer was served just after 1-3 days of fermentation beginning at this hot inoculation temperature (this was also the case for most farmhouse brewers throughout Europe even though kveik was limited to Norway, indicating that most landrace/farmhouse yeast was fermented this way) . The kveik was then taken from the fermenter and dried until its next use. If the kveik went sour or died, brewers would borrow kveik from their neighbors, which was another way of preserving kveik through the centuries. Kveik was sometimes also used to ferment bread. It has been proposed by Preiss et al. (2018) that this treatment has produced yeast strains that are genetically distinct phenotypically from other domesticated yeast strains used in industrial brewing in Europe .

Farmers seemed to have different preferences for top or bottom collecting their kveik for storage . Kveik was stored in many ways. It was often stored in bottles with water or in a well. It was also dried on straw rings, on linen, or pieces of wood with holes drilled through them called "yeast logs". Often ashes were used to help dry the kveik quickly, or in the case of yeast logs, were lowered into the fermentation vessel to collect the yeast and then rolled in flour and allowed to dry for a few minutes, then dipped again to repeat the process. The log was then hung to dry. Although dried kveik was said to last for months or maybe longer, fresh kveik was always preferred and often given away to those who needed new kveik (moldy kveik was thrown away) .

At one time kveik was the only available form of yeast in Norway (and, of course, similar methods for reusing yeast were used all over the world prior to Emil Chr. Hansen's introduction of the pure-yeast system in 1883). However, the existence of kveik has mostly disappeared in recent times. Today kveik remains in the districts of Hardanger, Voss, Sogn, Nordfjord, and Sunnmøre, at least. Kveik is only used by homebrewers who still brew in the traditional methods of Norwegian farmhouse brewing, although the recent spreading of kveik throughout the world has led to a resurgence in its usage to make various types of beer, including non-farmhouse style beers .

Thanks to efforts by Lars Marius Garshol and Håken Hveem, and Norwegian farmhouse brewers Svein Rivenes, Sigmund Gjernes, Bjarne Muri, Terje Raftevold, and others, kveik has been made commercially available to brewers around the world. Much of the analysis has been performed by the National Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC) and Escarpment Laboratories. See also the Farmhouse Yeast Registry being maintained by Lars Marius Garshol.

See also:

• MTF podcast interview with Lars Marius Garshol Part 1 and Part 2.
• MBAA podcast interview with Lars Marius Garshol about the different types of farmhouse yeast, history, and highlights of farmhouse brewing.
• Garshol's hypothesis that some commercial bread yeast could have originated from farmhouse yeast.

Terminology

• "Kveik" is not a beer style. Its translated meaning is "yeast". For more information, see Lars Marius Garshol's blog post "What Does 'Kveik' Mean?".
• If you do use kveik in a commercial beer, please consider giving the name of the original owner of the kveik on the label. This gives credit to the brewers who have donated their family heritage to the brewers of the world, and it is also helpful for those who want to know exactly which yeast was used in the beer. If you are uncertain about the name of the owner, consult the Farmhouse Yeast Registry .
• Since the word 'kveik" refers only to Norwegian yeasts, and there are farmhouse yeasts in other countries, the term "landrace yeast" has been proposed to refer to all farmhouse-domesticated yeast. See also Landrace Yeast and this MTF thread discussing the usage of the word "landrace" for these farmhouse yeasts.
• Thread in the Kveik Facebook group on why lab isolated strains are still considered "kveik". It is useful to distinguish between purified single-strain kveik, purified multi-strain kveik, and unpurified original culture .
• Threads on what to call beers made with kveik:
  • Ralph Buttersworth post on how to classify classic styles fermented with kveik.
  • Thread by Dan Pixley on including kveik cultures on beer labels even if the beers are soured with LAB or secondarily fermented with Brettanomyces.
  • Subthread on naming lager styles that are fermented with kveik, particularly Pilsner-style beers.

Yeast Lab Analysis

Diagram of types of yeast versus traditional farmhouse styles by Richard Preiss .

The dried kveik samples (Stordal) showed much better viability/cell health (less granulated/wrinkly appearance) than the liquid samples (eg Hornidal). However, some of the liquid samples were pretty healthy too (Voss). Source Richard Preiss of Escarpment Labs.

Species and Phylogeny

Analysis has also been performed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) by Truls C Rasmussen, as well as Escarpment Laboratories.

• MTF feedback on the NTNU analysis.
• Updates to the Escarpment Laboratories (Preiss et al.) analysis on MTF. and their published paper "Traditional Norwegian Kveik Are a Genetically Distinct Group of Domesticated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Brewing Yeasts".

In general, most of the cultures of kveik that have been analyzed contain more than one strain of S. cerevisiae. The exact number of strains that is present in a given kveik culture is difficult to analyze; generally labs with better equipment and more time can identify more strains than others. Some kveik cultures contain multiple strains of closely related strains of S. cerevisiae, while others contain a more diverse group of strains . The kveik cultures with closely related strains defy what a "strain" isolate is; Richard Preiss describes these kveik cultures as being "heterogenous but related communities", meaning that there can be a lot of genetic overlap between subpopulations in a kveik culture and where one strain begins and another ends is not possible to define . Strains within cultures probably arose due to mutations during cell division, as well as sporulation which kveik is more capable of than other domesticated yeast strains . S. cerevisiae was the only species in all of the kveik cultures analyzed by Preiss et al. (2018). Of the 9 kveik cultures analyzed by Preiss et al. (2018), only Muri (which has since been found to be commercially available Bavarian Weizen yeast and not a landrace farmhouse yeast at all; see Landrace Yeast), Simonaitis, and Stranda contained only one strain of S. cerevisiae, while all of the others contained more than one strain of S. cerevisiae up to 9 strains in the case of Granvin (see this table from the paper). A Master's Thesis by Nadia Marlen Aasen from Norwegian University of Life Sciences isolated 4-10 strains from 4 different kveik cultures: Ørjasæter, Otterdal, Gausemel and Gamlegrua. As with Preiss (2018), the only species of yeast found was S. cerevisiae. While only yeast was found in Otterdal and Ørjasæter, the Gausemel also had two bacteria species, Acetobacter malorum and Lactobacillus plantarum, and the Gamlegrua also had L. plantarum .

Genetically, kveik yeast strains form their own group of closely related domesticated ale strains that are a subgroup of the "Beer 1" yeasts (Belgian/Germany/UK/US yeast strains) from the Gillons/White Labs (2016) study that sequenced previously known ale strains and found them to make up two genetically related groups called "Beer 1" and "Beer 2" (see Saccharomyces History of Domestication and "A family tree for brewer's yeast" by Lars Marius Garshol). The closest related domesticated strains were 3 German hefeweizen strains; however, this relation is likely just due to both groups being hybrids rather than having any historic relation . None of the kveik strains sequenced by Preiss et al. (2018) contained the STA1 gene for diastatic activity, which is expected since all of the diastatic yeasts belong to the "Beer 2" group .

Although whole genome sequencing of more kveik strains is needed in order to fully flesh out a family tree of kveik , based on the 6 strains that were analyzed, kveik strains seem to be divided into two related genetic groups, with the Simonatis Lithuanian strain and a Norwegian bread yeast falling outside of these two groups completely, which arguably categorizes them to not actually be considered "kveik". The two groups of kveik probably originated from two ancestors that were hybrids between a "Beer 1" yeast and wild yeast. Interestingly, the kveik cultures that have multiple strains have strains from both genetic groups of kveik. For example, Hornindal, Granvin, Laerdal, and Stordal Ebbergarden all contained strains from both genetic groups of kveik. Overall, their genetic diversity is wider than the genetic diversity of other "Beer 1" subgroups . See this updated family diagram of yeast.

Preiss et al. (2018) also measured the fermentation characteristics of individual kveik strains in their study, the first published data in this regard for kveik. At 86°F (30°C) they found that 11 of the 24 pure strains of kveik outperformed the best control strain (WLP002) in fermentation rate. There was still a very wide range of attenuation rates between the kveik strains (60-90%). Of the 6 strains that had their DNA sequenced, all but one of the Granvin strains fermented maltotriose. All of the strains tested were POF- (meaning they did not produce significant 4-vinylguaiacol phenol). One of these Stordal Ebbegarden strains also contained a unique mutation on the FDC1 gene that results in the inability to produce phenols and has not been reported before in science. They also found that kveik strains tend to produce fatty acid esters at levels that are typical for other domesticated yeast strains, such as ethyl caproate (pineapple, tropical; threshold 0.21 ppm), ethyl caprylate (tropical, apple, cognac; threshold 0.9 ppm), and ethyl decanoate (apple; threshold 0.2 ppm). The kveik strains studied did not produce high levels of the isoamyl acetate ester (banana) and generally lower levels of the fusel alcohol isobutanol compared WLP001 and WLP002. Strangely, 5 of the 6 strains that were analyzed could form spores, which is not typical for brewers yeast .

The kveik strains studied by Preiss et al. (2018) displayed unique abilities as far as withstanding stress in their environment. Most of the strains at least doubled their growth at 43°C and grew to their maximum potential at 40°C, while the control strains WLP001, WLP002, and WLP029 showed limited growth at those temperatures. This demonstrates kveik's ability to withstand high-temperature fermentations. All strains tested died at 45°C .

Kveik strains were also demonstrated by Preiss et al. (2018) to have a higher tolerance to alcohol than some of the domesticated strains tested (WLP001, WLP002, and WLP029), as well as unique flocculation characteristics. Most of the kveik strains doubled in growth in media with 14% ABV ethanol, and about half of them doubled in growth in 16% ABV ethanol media. Half of the strains of kveik were highly flocculant, but some other strains were very poor flocculators. It is possible that since kveik is a mixed culture of several strains of yeast that the highly flocculant strains assist the others in flocculation thus diminishing for the other strains to evolve flocculation properties .

See also:

• "Where kveik comes from", an analysis of the Preiss et al. study by Lars Marius Garshol.
• MTF thread post by Richard Preiss summarizing the study's findings.

Sensory and Fermentation Profile

The general flavor profile of kveik yeast is ester-driven and non-phenolic, although a wide range of subtle differences can exist between strains. Kveik in its traditional form is usually a blend of closely related strains. The "Stranda" kveik was described as "lemon, nuts, grain, and straw" by Lars Marius Garshol. The "Hornindal kveik" with bacteria was described as "fruity, milky caramel, honey, and mushroom with a very unique aroma" .

Kveik has adapted to being fermented at relatively warm temperatures without producing off-flavors (fusel alcohols, diacetyl, or acetaldehyde), usually in the range of 30-40°C (86-104°F), but also as high as 43°C (109°F). The beer is finished fermenting within a day or two at these warmer temperatures. Årset kveik has been fermented as low as 4°C (39°F), which produced a clean and drinkable beer with a fruity aroma. They have a high alcohol tolerance of around 13-16% ABV . Omega Yeast Labs describes their two isolates (Voss and HotHead) as being non-phenolic, fruity, and complimenting American citrus hops. They also note that the yeast has a very high temperature range (~68-98°F or ~20-37°C), attenuates high, tends to flocculate well, and also tends to ferment faster at the mid to high temperature ranges, while producing similar ester profiles throughout the entire temperature range. Other kveik cultures generally produce subdued aromas below 20°C (68°F); different kveik cultures react differently at different fermentation temperatures . Despite the fast fermentation timeframe that traditional farmhouse brewers employ and the high flocculation that some kveik have, some kveik and some beer styles/brewing conditions may still require or benefit from a more traditional brewing schedule. For example, some kveik may need more time to clean up diacetyl or hydrogen sulfide, to flocculate or settle out completely, or to completely finish attenuation. Keep mind that the farmhouse beers, brewing techniques, and drinking culture differ quite a bit from modern beers, modern brewing techniques, and modern beer packaging/consumption. For example, shelf stability is generally not a concern for farmhouse brewers. Fermenting beer with kveik on the same fast time schedule and in the same ways as the traditional farmhouse beers and without making adjustments such as increased nutrients or increased conditioning time might result in less than stellar beer for modern styles .

Kveik mixed cultures tend to be very flocculant, even though only about 48% of the individual strains are highly flocculant (it is thought that high flocculating strains help the lower flocculating strains to flocculate). Top-harvested kveik form a thick krausen and tends to float on top of liquid even when stored in the fridge, while bottom-harvested kveik tends to form a thin layer of krausen (see the Farmhouse yeast registry to see which kveik cultures are top vs bottom harvested; the listed harvesting method should be continued so as to continue to select for the correct strains). Harvested kveik can be stored in the refrigerator as a slurry, and survive 1-2 years (a starter should be made after about 6 months of cold storage). Attenuation ranges from 60-90% for single strains, but for mixed cultures, the attenuation is usually on the higher side .

Kveik cultures make identifying individual strains within them difficult because the strains are closely related and there is often not a clear distinction between "strains", nor is there a clear definition of what makes a strain truly unique within the total population of strains that are found in a single kveik culture. Richard Preiss describes kveik cultures as being "heterogenous but related communities", meaning that there can be a lot of genetic overlap between subpopulations in a kveik culture. What exactly is meant by "strain" within the context of kveik cultures has not been defined, and so discussing individual strains of kveik is an inadequate way of discussing kveik .

Kveik cultures have a wide range of fruity aromas, which is a result of above-threshold production of fatty acid esters, such as ethyl decanoate and ethyl caprylate . Richard Preiss from Escarpment Laboratories shared his sensory notes after doing trial fermentations with various kveik strains/cultures. Fermentations were at 30°C in standard wort (1.050, 20IBU) with single strains, not the mixed cultures. 2/3 tasters were blind to the beers and order prior to tasting. This is a single data point on sensory information :

• Sykkylven 1 - clean, fruity, malty, rum-like. big, round, malty, slightly hot
• Sykkylven 2 - subtle fruit, malt accented, slightly lagery-sulfury, lightly floral. medium body
• Laerdal 2 (Laerdal 1 - data not available) - Lightly fruity, slight rubber, floral, sweet taste
• Stranda 1 - citrus, red apple, very clean and dry, balanced
• Stordal (framgarden) 1 - big citrus ester, slightly hot, red apple, floral, malty
• Stordal (framgarden) 2 - red apple, slight crisp/sulfury (pleasant) lagery character, floral, slight tropical fruit, slight tartness
• Stordal (ebbegarden) 1 - rum-like, slightly hot, medium mixed esters, round and malty
• Stordal (ebbegarden) 2 - Christmasy, citrus, red apple, floral, clean and balanced flavour
• Muri 1 (not related to kveik genetically; later found to be Bavarian Weizen yeast) - Earthy, herbal, sulfury, apple, pear, very slight clove, not super dry despite ridiculous attenuation (~95%)
• Voss (Gjernes) 1 - Orange, floral, balanced flavour, good body
• Voss (Gjernes) 2 - Cidery, floral, slight earthiness, slight orange, clean, dry
• Hornidal 1 - Tropical, pineapple, rum-like, caramel, citrus, balanced malt/hop
• Hornidal 2 - Floral, rose-like, sulfury, orange, rum-like, very malt accented
• Hornidal 3 - Orange, red apple, rum-like, caramel, balanced
• Granvin 1 - Lower intensity orange, red apple, slight pineapple, textbook “Kveiky”, balanced
• Granvin 2 - Balanced esters, not as intense - citrus, slight (pleasant) sulfur, dry and thin
• Granvin 3 - very muted aroma, clean flavour
• Granvin 4 - floral (rose), honey, slight diacetyl, medium-low esters, complex but not necessarily good
• Granvin 5 - light fruit, light floral, rubber, sweet taste.
• Granvin 6 - fruity, floral, rum-like, citrus, slight diacetyl, balanced flavour
• Granvin 7 - Slight fruity, very thin and astringent
• WLP001 (control) - very fusely/hot, subtle floral note.

Note regarding Granvin strains: Preiss is still trying to sort out which Granvin yeasts are duplicates and which are unique.

Unpurified/Mixed Cultures vs Single Isolates

While brewers have made many claims about the difference of unpurified kveik cultures compared to single isolates offered by yeast labs, little work has been done so far to differentiate the effects of pitching original unpurified cultures of kveik versus lab isolates. This is mostly due to the complexity of these mixed cultures, which makes it difficult to study in a laboratory setting. Dr. Maitreya Dunhman noted during a laboratory study on yeast repitching that repitching unpurified or mixed strains of kveik led to at least one observable effect, which is that the strains do not appear to out-compete each other. Normally, when two strains are combined and repitched, one strain tends to rise to dominate the population over the other strains in the population. This was not the case with kveik, which indicates some sort of mutual benefit between strains within the original kveik mixed cultures (~44:30 mins in).

Final Beer pH

Kveik also tend to finish beers at a slightly low pH than conventional ale yeast and lager yeast. In a survey of data from around 60 strains of yeast total, Escarpment Labs showed that kveik strains on average finished around 4.25 final beer pH while conventional ale/lager yeast strains finished on average around 4.50 final beer pH for the same wort. This can have an impact on the overall sensory nature of kveik. For example, a lower pH is sometimes associated with the perception of a thinner body as well as a harsher and more astringent hop character. The use of buffering minerals in the mash such as baking soda, lime, or chalk, can help adjust the pH back up if desired .

This tendency to producer slightly lower pH beers than normal brewing yeast is not universal, however. Fermentation conducted with unpurified original kveik cultures may have different results than single isolate strains. For example, Nadia Marlen Aasen's Master's thesis from Norwegian University of Life Sciences found that the same wort (Weyermann Pilsner malt, 60 minute Magnum hops at 18 IBU, and the wort soaked in 1 kg of juniper twigs per 10 liters of wort) fermented with US-05 finished between 3.8-4.0 pH, Ørjasæter kveik finished at 4.1-4.2 pH, Gamlegrua kveik finished at 4.1-4.3, and Gausemel kveik finished at 3.8-4.0 pH .

See also:

• "Crispy brewing with kveik: mind the pH gap," by Richard Preiss at Escarpment Labs.

Propagation Characteristics

Carriglio et al. (2022) compared propagation characteristics between WLP001 (California Ale Yeast), WLP830 (German Lager Yeast), and WLP518 (Opshaug kveik), using modern yeast propagation methods (12.5°P wort, 25°C temperature, 14.7 grams of yeast nutrient, constant aeration, recirculated with a pump, and with a total propagation time of 26 hours). The study measured attenuation, FAN consumption, final cell density, and final biomass production. They found that Opshaug did not uptake FAD any differently than the ale and lager yeasts. Opshaug had slightly less attenuation. They found that Opshaug kveik had a higher cell density than the ale and lager strain (~803 million cells per mL, versus ~461 million cells per mL for WLP001 and ~593 million cells per mL for WLP830). Aasen's Master's thesis showed similarly higher levels of cell density for kveik strains versus US-05 during fermentation (Temperature and Growth Rate below). The Opshaug kveik also nearly doubled the biomass production of ale and lager yeast . These characteristics may or may not extend to other kveik strains, and different propagation temperatures may produce different results for all characteristics measured. See also Temperature and Growth Rate below.

Pitching Rate

Pitching rates for kveik are also one of the unique things about these cultures. Kveik cultures are traditionally pitched at a very low rate, perhaps somewhere around the 1-2 million cells/mL for 15-20°P wort. However, pitching at normal ale pitching rates should not produce negative results, and brewers should experiment with the pitching rates for a given kveik strain of mixed culture and determine which pitching rates produce the most desirable results. Escarpment Labs recommends pitching 70% of normal pitching rates, but Richard Preiss reported no issues so far pitching at 25% of normal pitching rates . Omega Yeast Labs recommends normal pitching rates for kveik, but reported no significant difference between under-pitching and normal pitching rates; however, reports of off-flavors might be related to extreme under-pitching and/or lack of nutrients (~1:03:20 mins in). Oxygen should be at least in the 5-8 ppm range, although 10-12 ppm might be beneficial. Dried kveik cultures have a cell density of around 9-18 billion cells per gram of dried yeast (Fermentis has around 31 billion cells per gram by comparison), and so pitching as little as 10 grams of dried kveik into 100L of wort is fine. Dried kveik is generally rehydrated in first runnings for about 2-4 hours before pitching into the main batch (lautering in traditional farmhouse brewing can take a long time), with a yeast scream being traditional to ward off evil spirits. Kveik cultures are heavily dependent on nutrients, and wort that is lower than 1.050 can benefit from doubling nutrient additions . Richard Preiss recommends 180+ ppm of free amino nitrogen (FAN), along with vitamins (yeast nutrient blends offered by many yeast labs should be able to satisfy these requirements; contact the vendor to find out the specified FAN dosage and vitamin content) .

Escarpment Laboratories presented the first controlled experiment and data set for how pitching rates might affect kveik. The lab fermented their Årset blend (a selection of several strains from Årset; see this explanation from Richard Preiss), Ebbegarden (contains two strains from the original Ebbegarden), the Escarpment Labs Voss single isolate, the Escarpment Labs Raftevold's Hornindal (contains two strains from the original Raftevold Hornindal), and the Vermont ale strain which was used as the control. The strains were fermented at 20ºC (the lab would have preferred to ferment at a warmer temperature, but this was a part of a much larger fermentation experiment with many other brewing strains and they were limited due to limited temperature control equipment). The pitch tested rates were:

1. 1 M/mL (1 million cells per mL, 10% of a typical pitch rate)
2. 7 M/mL (7 million cells per mL, 70% of a typical pitch rate)
3. 10 M/mL (10 million cells per mL, a typical pitch rate)

They monitored specific gravity, FAN consumption, pH change, alcohol/glycerol production, and aroma compound production (using GC-MS). All ferments were performed in triplicate. Their major findings are listed as follows:

• A low pitching rate of 1 million cells/mL attenuated the sample slightly slower than the higher pitching rates, but all pitching rates resulted in a similar finishing gravity, including the Vermont Ale yeast. The kveik fermented faster than other brewer's yeast even at the lower fermentation temperature.
• There were no clear trends as far as how much FAN was consumed by the kveik based on pitching rate, although Årset and Vermont Ale yeast consumed less FAN for the lowest pitching rate. They concluded that high FAN levels are recommended, especially for lower gravity wort.
• Terminal pH was lower for Årset and Ebbegarden, and a little higher for the other strains (~4.15 versus ~4.4); however, pitching rate did not correlate to any patterns.
• No discernible trend in over all ester production depending on pitch rate, although there were some differences depending on ester type and kveik.
• Kveik produce more organic acids than Vermont Ale yeast, duplicating results from the previous Escarpment Labs study on kveik.
• Årset and Ebbegarden produced citronellol at levels similar to Vermont Ale yeast, which indicates that these cultures might be capable of biotransformation similar to the Vermont Ale strain.
• There was a trend for increased aroma intensity for some of the kveiks (Voss and Hornindal) as the pitch rate decreases. However, this is not true for Årset and Ebbegarden, where the trends were less clear.
• For the full details of this study, including the full data results, see the Escarpment Labs blog page and the associated MTF post.

White Labs also published data on their website regarding pitch rate and temperature differences for four of their kveik isolates: WLP518 (Opshaug from Stranda), WLP519 (Langlo from Stranda), WLP520 (Gjernes from Voss), and WLP521 (Raftevold from Hornindal). Four trials were conducted total, with two trials at 0.25 mil cells/mL/°P (low pitch rate) at 20°C and 32°C, and two trials at 0.75 mil cells/mL/°P (high pitch rate) at 20°C and 32°C (see pitch rate/temperature and attenuation differences below). They measured diacetyl and acetaldehyde differences between the four fermentations. Of the significant results, they found the following:

• WLP518 produced higher acetaldehyde at a high pitch rate at 32°C, but not at 20°C.
• WLP519 produced higher acetaldehyde at a high pitch rate at 20°C, but the opposite was true at 32°C.
• WLP520 produced slightly more diacetyl and acetaldehyde at a high pitch rate at 20°C and 32°C.
• WLP521 produced more diacetyl at a low pitch rate at 20°C, and sightly higher at 32°C. It also produced significantly more acetaldehyde at a high pitch rate, especially at 32°C (less so at 20°C).
• White Labs reported that their sensory panel preferred the beers fermented at the warmer temperature of 32°C vs 20°C (data not published).

See also:

• MBAA podcast with Richard Preiss and Iz Netto from Escarpment Labs on using kveik.
• Dried kveik viability over time.
• Brulosophy experiment testing pitching rate of Voss Kveik.

Temperature and Growth Rate

While very warm fermentation temperatures have an impact on the speed of potentially attenuation of kveik, temperatures on the higher end of the scale can have a slightly negative impact on the growth rate of some kveik cultures. Aasen's Master's thesis reported that for all three kveik cultures tested (Ørjasæter, Gamlegrua, and Gausemel) the growth rate was slightly higher when incubated at 22°C and/or 30°C compared to being incubated at 37°C. They were also higher than the optimal growth of US-05. The cultures tended to reach peak cell growth at around day 2 or 3, and then experienced a slight decline until day 7, with this decline after day 2 or 3 being slightly steeper at the hotter incubation temperature of 37°C. The warmer incubation temperature of 37°C did not result in faster growth than the cooler temperatures of 22°C and/or 30°C. Therefore, for optimal growth of kveik for starters or yeast labs, a temperature of 22°C or 30°C might be optimal for some kveik cultures .

Foster et al. (2021) found that not only do kveik strains grow faster at higher temperatures, but they generally also survive better than typical brewing yeasts at 35-42°C. It was first postulated by the researchers that this could be due to higher glycerol production in kveik strains versus regular brewing strains, but the researchers found the kveik strains produced generally the same amount of glycerol as regular brewing strains. The researchers then discovered that the tested kveik strains produced much higher levels of trehalose, which is a carbohydrate used by yeast (and other organisms like frogs) to protect cells from freezing/thawing and higher temperatures. Unlike other brewing strains which break down trehalose at the end of fermentation, kveik keeps it. This might be at least one reason why kveik strains are able to tolerate higher temperatures (there may be other currently unknown qualities of kveik that also assist with temperature tolerance), as well as why they can tolerate drying. It might also explain why kveik begins to ferment so quickly in fresh wort. Trehalose stores also cause yeast to not take up maltotriose, and this might explain why kveik strains tend not to consume maltotriose (see also this MTF thread by Richard Preiss).

Temperature and Attenuation

Higher fermentation temperature seems to not have a large impact on final gravity and attenuation. Aasen's Master's thesis reported statistically insignificant or minimal differences in finishing gravities at different fermentation temperatures for the three kveik cultures tested (Ørjasæter, Gamlegrua, and Gausemel):

Yeast/Kveik	Temp (°C)	Original Gravity	Final Gravity
Gamlegrua	30	1.076	1.017
	37	1.076	1.018
Gausemel	30	1.076	1.015
	37	1.076	1.017
Ørjasæter	30	1.076	1.015
	37	1.076	1.019
US-05	22	1.076	1.011
	30	1.074	1.013

White Labs also reported only minor differences in final apparent attenuation and ABV for four of their kveik isolates:

Yeast/Kveik	Temp (°C)	Apparent Attenuation at 0.25 mil cells/mL/°P	Apparent Attenuation at 0.75 mil cells/mL/°P
WLP518 (Opshaug from Stranda )	20	77.9	78.7
	32	81.1	82

Yeast/Kveik	Temp (°C)	Apparent Attenuation at 0.25 mil cells/mL/°P	Apparent Attenuation at 0.75 mil cells/mL/°P
WLP519 (Langlo from Stranda)	20	87.5	89.8
	32	90.6	91

Yeast/Kveik	Temp (°C)	Apparent Attenuation at 0.25 mil cells/mL/°P	Apparent Attenuation at 0.75 mil cells/mL/°P
WLP520 (Gjernes from Voss)	20	79.9	80.33
	32	82	82.8

Yeast/Kveik	Temp (°C)	Apparent Attenuation at 0.25 mil cells/mL/°P	Apparent Attenuation at 0.75 mil cells/mL/°P
WLP521 (Raftevold from Hornindal)	20	89.1	89.8
	32	89.8	89.8

Microbiologist and blogger Dmitri Kits reported a preference for some strains of kveik for higher fermentation temperatures (35°C or 37°C) versus cooler fermentation temperatures (22°C). Both Lallemand Voss and Omega Hornindal blend fermented faster and achieved a higher attenuation at 35°C or 37°C. The Omega Lutra, however, although fermenting only slightly faster at the higher fermentation temperature versus a lower fermentation temperature of 22°C, finished at a slightly higher gravity at the warmer temperature, indicating that it might have experienced heat stress. Kits hypothesized that based on this data, some strains or kveik are thermophilic, meaning they actually prefer a warmer temperature rather than just being tolerant of it, while Lutra could be thermotolerant (tolerates higher temperatures, but prefers to ferment at a lower temperature) . Kits later reported that the optimal fermentation temperature for Omega Labs Lutra kveik is 33-34ºC, but can still efficiently attenuate wort at temperatures as high as 40-42ºC (although the final gravity was a couple of points higher than at cooler fermentation temperatures). He reported more more acidity and astringent flavors at 40-42ºC and more body and a cleaner tasting beer at 20-28ºC with Lutra .

Comparing fermentation of the three kveik strains to other brewing strains (Mangrove Jack's M15 - Empire Ale, Lallemand Nottingham, Fermentis w-34/70, Lallemand Munich Classic, Mangrove Jack's M44 - West Coast, Mangrove Jack's M31 Belgian Tripel, Fermentis K97 German Ale, and Mangrove Jack's M36 Liberty Bell), Kits reported that at 18-22ºC, the three kveik cultures performed about the same as other ale yeasts, with M15 Empire Ale from Mangrove Jack's and some other ale strains completing fermentation faster than the kveik strains tested. Comparing all of the trials, Lallemand Voss was the fastest fermenting yeast when fermented at 37°C (but much slower at 22°C), followed by M15 Empire Ale from Mangrove Jack's at 22°C, and the third fastest fermentation was Omega Hornindal blend at 35°C .

Kits reported that the optimal fermentation temperature for Escarpment Labs Laerdal kveik is 30°C, which is also the temperature that Dagfinn Wendelbo (the original owner) traditionally pitches this yeast at .

Foster et al. (2021) published similar findings for 6 strains of kveik. All 6 strains tested (two Hornindal strains, one Laerdal strain, one Ebbegarden strain, one Granvin strain, and one Sigmund Voss strain) attenuated efficiently between 22 and 40°C. With the exception of Hornindal2, Ebbegarden, and Leardal strains, the other three kveik strains also performed well at 42°C. In comparison, none of the control strains (Cal ale, Vermont, Kolsch, and "St. Lucifer" from Escarpment Labs) attenuated well at 42°C. Out of the control strains, only the "St. Lucifer" from Escarpment Labs was able to attenuate at 40°C. This demonstrates kveiks' unique properties of being thermotolerant. The kveik strains were also generally able to ferment at lower temperatures. While most kveik strains attenuated similar to the Vermont and "St. Lucifer" controls at 15°C, Hornindal1 and Laerdal completed fermentations similar to the Kölsch and Cali strains. In addition, Hornindal1 completed a 12°C fermentation within 10 days. Overall, the kveik strains had a shorter lag phase and faster fermentation rates over a wide range of temperatures between 15-42°C, and they generally consumed glucose and maltose faster than the control strains at each of their optimal fermentation temperatures. With the exception of one of the Hornindal strains, maltotriose consumption slowed at the cooler temperatures (12°C) and was fastest with the Hornindal strains between 30-42°C. The Laerdal strain was inefficient at fermenting maltotriose (~50%) at all fermentation temperatures. In contrast, while the control strains could efficiently ferment maltotriose at their optimal fermentation temperatures (22-30°C), they were less efficient than the kveik strains outside of their optimal fermentation temperatures, once again demonstrating that some kveik strains can attenuate wort at a wider range of fermentation temperatures (both warmer and cooler) than some traditional ale strains .

Foster et al. (2021) also discovered that the tested kveik strains produced much higher levels of trehalose, which is a carbohydrate used by yeast (and other organisms like frogs) to protect cells from freezing/thawing and higher temperatures. Unlike other brewing strains which break down trehalose at the end of fermentation, kveik keeps it. This might explain how kveik strains are able to tolerate higher temperatures, as well as why they can tolerate drying. It might also explain why kveik begins to ferment so quickly in fresh wort. Trehalose stores also cause yeast to not take up maltotriose, and this might explain why kveik strains tend not to consume maltotriose .

Temperature and Aromatic and Sensory Compounds

Just as with other strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in fermentation, the fermentation temperature can have a significant effect on the different aromatic and flavor compounds produced by kveik. Aasen's Master's thesis looked at fermenting three different full culture kveiks, Gamlegrua, Gausemel and Ørjasæter, and US-05 as a control. She tested three different fermentation temperatures, 22°C, 30°C, and 37°C. In general, after 7 days of incubation time, all of the yeasts had higher levels of the esters ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate,and ethyl hexanoate at the 22°C or 30°C, and nearly half the amounts of esters at 37°C. These were esters were also measured at day 2, and at that time they were much higher in the 37°C fermentation, suggesting that prolonged exposure to the warmer temperature may have dissipated these esters. Ethyl octanoate tended to have slightly higher amounts at 22°C or 30°C, but the differences between the different fermentation temperatures were smaller, and in the case of the Gausemel kveik there was no significant different at all for this ester .

It has been anecdotally reported by brewers that high levels of off-flavors from higher alcohols are not produced at fermentation temperatures up to 35-40°C with kveik. In general, Aasen's Master's thesis reflected these anecdotal reports. The amount of the higher alcohol 2-methyl-1-propanol was nearly double at 30°C and 37°C versus 22°C for the control yeast strain, US-05. For the three kveik cultures that were tested, Gamlegrua, Gausemel, and Ørjasæter, the amount of this higher alcohol was only slightly elevated at the higher fermentation temperatures, but still remained under the lowest levels that US-05 produced when fermented at 22°C. The higher alcohol 1-propanol had a similar trend. At 30°C and 37°C, US-05 produced significantly more of this higher alcohol, while the three kveik cultures produced only slightly elevated or the same levels regardless of fermentation temperature. The levels of 1-propanol that were produced by the three kveik cultures at all three fermentation temperatures were, in general, around the same amount that US-05 produced at 22°C. Two other higher alcohols that were measured, 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, were roughly the same for all three fermentation temperatures for all three of the kveik cultures and US-05, with 2-methyl-1-butanol tending to be slightly higher in the warmer fermentation temperatures for all of the kveik cultures and US-05. One of the higher alcohols tested, 2-hexanol, had nearly double or triple the levels when fermented at the cooler temperature of 22°C versus 30°C and 37°C, indicating that this particular higher alcohol follows an opposite trend than most higher alcohols produced by yeast. The levels were the same for all three of the kveik cultures and US-05 .

For the kveik cultures Gamlegrua and Gausemel, Aasen reported elevated levels of acetaldehyde were found at the warmer fermentation temperatures of 37°C, but not for Ørjasæter or US-05. The aldehyde 2-methyl-propanal was elevated at 37°C for all four of the cultures tested (Gamlegrua, Gausemel, Ørjasæter , and US-05). The aldehydes 2-methyl-butanal and 3-methyl-butanal, and the ketone diacetyl, were not significant for any of the cultures tested nor at any of the different fermentation temperatures (22°C, 30°C, 37°C) .

Foster et al. (2021) found similar findings in 5 out of 6 strains of kveik (two Hornindal strains, one Laerdal strain, one Ebbegarden strain, one Granvin strain, and one Sigmund Voss strain). Using HS-SPME-GC-MS and PCA biplot analyses to measure and plot fatty acids, ethyl esters, alcohols, and acetate esters, the researchers found that, with the exception of the Ebbegarden strain, the kveik strains grouped together while the control strains (Cal ale, Vermont, and Kolsch) grouped together (the Belgian strain "St. Lucifer" from Escarpment Labs was another control strain and formed its own flavor profile grouping). For example, octanoic acid, ethyl hexanoate (pineapple, tropical), ethyl octanoate (tropical, apple, cognac), and ethyl decanoate (apple) were all produced above threshold for all (except Ebbegarden) of the kveik strains and one control strain, the Belgian strain "St. Lucifer" from Escarpment Labs, but not the Cal ale, Vermont, and Kolsch control strains. This demonstrates that the flavor profile of many but not all kveik strains is unique from at least some typical brewing strains. The flavor profile plotting also determined that temperature played a roll in flavor with all but the Ebbegarden kveik strains clustering together at 5-42°C versus 15-22°C. For example, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate were produced at the higher temperature range in the kveik strains (except Ebbegarden). The higher alcohol 1-octanol, which has a pleasant citrus character, was only produced above threshold by Cal ale and Kolsch at 15°C and Vermont at 22°C, it was produced above threshold by the kveiks and St. Lucifer strains at a much wider temperature range. Similar results were found for isoamyl acetate. Phenethyl acetate, on the other hand, was only produced above threshold by Hornindal1, Hornindal2, Laerdal and St. Lucifer regardless of temperature . For more details on the Foster et al. (2021) study, see also Lars Garshol's blog post, study co-author Richard Preiss's summary on MTF, and Bru Lab Podcast Episode 031 - Kveik Fermentation Temperatures w/ Richard Preiss.

Other Sensory Data

• Google Spreadsheet of anecdotal experiences the fermentation characteristics and flavor of different kveik cultures (translate from Norwegian).
• Roi Krispin's project to have 16 homebrewers judge and compile flavor descriptors for beers brewed with a simple recipe and split fermentation with Sigmund Gjernes Voss, Terje Raftevold Hornindal, Tormodgarden, Ebbegarden, Framgarden, and Simonaitis.
• Travis Morita's experiment with a simple wort and sensory testing using DraughtLab and 7 blind tasters; kveik tested: Voss (Imperial Loki), Hornindal (Omega), Oslo (Bootleg Biology), Ebbegarden (original culture), Framgarden (original culture), and Opshaug (White Labs).
• Brülosophy blind triangle test of a Helles Exportbier style wort fermented with Bootleg Biology's OSLO at either 64°F/18°C or 98°F/37°C.

Various Interesting MTF Threads

• MTF thread with tips and experiences with various low pitching rates with different kveik cultures.Archive
• MTF thread on dry hopping at warmer temperatures when fermenting with kveik.
• MTF thread on getting nail polish from some kveik cultures and where that might come from.
• Richard Preiss recommendations on avoiding sulfur in kveik fermentations.
• MTF thread by Zach Taggart on kveik producing esters similar to levels produced by kolsch yeast, and checking the accuracy of hyping kveik flavor profiles.
• Brewing Pilsner-like styles with good clarity.
• NEIPA with Voss Kveik, including an attenuation graph.
• Kveik and ester production.
• Finding traditional farmhouse ale made commercially, and commercial beers that conflate tradition.
• Fermenting at colder temperatures, including lager temperatures.
• Discussion on blending different kveik isolates or original kveik cultures.

Lactic Acid Bacteria and Wild Yeast Contaminations

Some of the kveik cultures that are not isolated cultures have reportedly been contaminated with lactic acid bacteria. These contaminations probably occurred during handling of the yeast at some point. See Justin Amaral's statements regarding this issue. The lactic acid bacteria found in contaminated kveik cultures can be inhibited by ~10 IBU . Traditionally, if contaminating microorganisms start having an impact on the flavor of the beer, the brewer would throw away their kveik and borrow a fresh culture from a neighbor .

See also:

• MTF subthread on bacterial infections in kveik.

Juniper Antimicrobial Effect

Juniper twigs partially inhibit Lactobacillus growth. Juniper needles, ripe berries, and unripe berries have little to no significant impact. Juniper is often used in farmhouse brewing. Sometimes it is used as a mash filter, and sometimes it is used to make a juniper infusion called "einerlog" which is sometimes used for the mash water . See Lactobacillus "Other Plant Type Tolerance" for more information.

Kveik Ring/Kveikstokk and Drying

Kveikstokk with yeast slurry on it. Images provided by Antonio Golia ("Homebrew Condor").

As Norwegian farmhouse brewers only brew 2-3 times per year, kveik has adapted to being dried and stored for long periods of time in-between usage, which is unique among most domesticated yeast . Storing the kveik in a dried form allows the yeast to survive longer than if it is kept as a wet slurry, and might help prevent contaminants from surviving. Kveik was often dried on parchment paper and kept in bags in the freezer. Wooden carvings known as a "kveik ring" or a "kveikstokk" were also sometimes used to store dried kveik, although this might be an older practice compared to drying kveik on parchment paper. Using a kveik ring or kveikstokk is simple: drag the kveik ring (more broadly known as a "twisted torus" , or more specifically called a "gjærkrans" or "yeast wreath" in Norwegian when used for yeast ) or kveikstokk through the krausen of a fermenting beer, and then hang the ring/kveikstokk to dry. On the next batch, the ring/kveikstokk is dunked into wort to reactivate the yeast . Note that not all yeast reacts well to drying. Kveik has this exceptional ability. For example, Brettanomyces is known to not be tolerant of drying/desiccation .

See Temperature and Growth Rate above for a scientific explanation of why kveik can survive drying while other typical brewing yeast strains cannot.

Drying Instructions

• MTF thread with images of using a kveikstokk.
• MTF thread on drying kveik on parchment paper. See also this post by Matt Spaanem on drying yeast (including some wild yeast strains) on parchment paper.
• MTF thread on successfully drying Omega Yeast Lab's Hornindal kveik using a dehydrator.
• Bryan Heit's drying instructions using a jerky dehydrator and viability testing of dried kveik over a few months (see previous parts as well).
• Rodrigo Borges de Azevedo's method of drying with 100% cotton or cotton blended with linen or polyester.
• "Brewing with kveik" by Lars Garshol, with an example of using a yeast ring.
• Matt Spaanem's blog post on using a smaller kveikstokk for a wild caught yeast culture.
• Antonio Golia's write up on making and using a kveikstokk (in Italian; use an online translator).
• "Arcane Brewing Techniques: Brewing with a Kveik Ring," Escarpment Labs blog article by Jérémie Tremblay, Brasserie Independante Baleine Endiablée.

Using Dried Kveik and Viability Over Time

Dried kveik should be stored in the freezer, and has been known to be recoverable after 20 years when stored in this way. While recovery of very old dried kveik may be possible using microbiological techniques, very old dried kveik might not be viable enough for brewers to revive using simple starter techniques. Microbiologist Dr. Bryan Heit measured the viability of kveik that was dried using a dehydrator and stored in a home freezer and found that viability decreased by about 6-8% per month. Dr. Heit estimated (and then later confirmed via cell counts) that at 6 months, the kveik would be at about 50% viability, which is good enough to pitch directly into wort without a starter. Therefore, if the kveik has been frozen for 6 months or less, dried kveik can be thawed and simply added to a liter or so of ~30°C (86°F) wort for 2-4 hours before adding that to the main batch of wort. If the dried kveik is older than 6 months, a starter is recommended. Dr. Heit used Voss kveik for his experiment, and included some limitations such as sample size, using kveik from a yeast cake instead of using fresher yeast from top cropping or a starter, using a yeast cake with a high hop content (while hops are not toxic to yeast, a high content of hops could further stress the yeast), using a dehydrator that had high and fluctuating temperatures instead of a better quality dehydrator (Dr. Heit recommends drying at 35-40°C), and probable under-estimates of viability due to using trypan blue dye, which is known to stain both dead cells and cells that are alive but are undergoing cell division .

See also:

• MTF post by Dr. Bryan Heit answering questions and clarifications regarding his experiment.

History and Crafting How To's

• "Scandinavian Yeast Rings - the curious case of the Twisted Torus," by Susan Verberg, 2019.
• MTF thread on building a kveik ring.
• Poppyland Brewer instructions on how to build a kveik ring.
• Instructions on building a kveik ring and history information by George Hart.
• "Kveik: Norwegian farmhouse yeast" by Lars Garshol, with images of ancient kveikstokk.
• MTF thread on an old kveik ring from Vågå that was sent to hopefully revive the old dried kveik on the ring.
• Step by step video instructions by Jeff Pryor:

Kveik Rings for Sale

• Tim Oelke of Suds n' Sawdust offers kveik rings in the US for sale.
• Jon Boley's kveik rings on Etsy.
• Craft Labs in Sweden offers kveik rings off and on; contact info at craftlabs dot se.

Commercial Availability

This is a summary of commercially available kveik cultures. See the above descriptions, the Farmhouse Yeast Registry, and the vendor's website for more information about the cultures. Most are single strain isolates, while some contain multiple strains or the native "unpurified" mixed cultures (this is of interest to some brewers, especially Norwegian brewers, because single isolates potentially perform differently than original cultures with multiple strains and as such will be denoted in the Notes column). Note that strain information can be misleading because the nature of kveik cultures make talking about individual strains difficult due to the strains being closely related yet diverse. Richard Preiss describes kveik cultures as being "heterogenous but related communities", meaning that there can be a lot of genetic overlap between subpopulations in a kveik culture and where one strain begins and another ends has yet to be defined (see Recent Lab Analysis above) . Additionally, it is legal and quite common for yeast labs to culture strains from another yeast lab and brand them as their own, thus many single isolates are likely to be duplicates of whichever lab initially isolated them (this is unverifiable unless the yeast lab in question shares how they obtained their isolate or independent DNA sequencing is done; we include such information when it is available to us). Commercially available non-kveik landrace farmhouse yeast are listed on the Landrace Yeast page.

Kveik	Registry Num	Yeast Lab	Package	Notes
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Omega Yeast Labs	Voss Kveik OYL-061	Single strain isolate. Omega Yeast Labs and The Yeast Bay independently isolated one of the strains from the Voss Kveik. It is not known if these are the same strains, or which NCYC strain they correspond to. However, they are thought to be similar in their flavor profile .
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	The Yeast Bay	Sigmund's Voss Kveik (WLP4045 from White Labs)	Single strain isolate. Potentially the same as the Omega Yeast Labs Voss strain; see the Sigmund Gjernes's Voss entry for Omega Yeast Labs Voss Kveik OYL-061 above .
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)		The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Escarpment Laboratories	Voss Kveik	Single strain isolate.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Sleight Beer Lab	Gebo Nordic Yeast Pitch	Single strain isolate; sold dried.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Imperial Yeast	Loki	A single strain isolate; likely to be the same isolate as the Omega Voss Kveik OYL-061 isolate .
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	East Coast Yeast	ECY43 Nordic Farmhouse	Single strain isolate.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Fermentum Mobile (Poland)	FM53 Voss kveik	Single strain isolate.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Inland Island Yeast Laboratories	INIS-441 Norwegian Farmhouse	Single strain isolate
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Community Cultures Yeast Lab	The Fruity Norwegian (formerly called "Kveik", and "The Fruity Norwegian" was formerly the brand name for a different unknown kveik culture that the company removed from market )	Single strain isolate
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Propagate Lab	MIP-340 Voss Kveik Isolate	Single strain isolate.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Yeastlab (Brazil)	YLB1010 - Kveik 01	Single strain isolate .
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Lallemand Brewing	Voss Kveik Ale Yeast	Single strain isolate . See this MTF comment from a Lallemand representative regarding cell counts in this product. See "Voss kveik optimum fermentation temperature," for a data point on attenuation rate at different temperatures with this strain (note that this data may not be reproducable with other strains isolated from Sigmund Gjernes kveik by other yeast labs).
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#1 Sigmund Gjernes	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Jasper Yeast	JY247 - Voss Kveik	Single isolate.
Sigmund Gjernes's Voss	1	Kveik Yeastery	K.1 Voss	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed other than bacteria) culture. Dried format.
Rivenes	2	Escarpment Laboratories	Rivenes Kveik	Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Rivenes	2	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Rivenes	Dried format. Rivenes has the classic orange character that many Kveik has. It does have one Lactobacillus strain in the mix, but is intolerant of 10 IBU. This Lactobacillus complements the orange notes .
Stein Langlo's Stranda	3	Omega Yeast Labs	HotHead Ale OYL-057	Single strain isolate (only one strain was revived by NCYC).
Stein Langlo's Stranda	3	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Stranda	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Stein Langlo's Stranda	3	Propagate Lab	Stranda Single Isolate	Single strain isolate (only one strain was revived by NCYC).
Stein Langlo's Stranda	3	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#3 Stranda, Langlo	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Escarpment Laboratories	Hornindal Kveik Blend	Two strains isolated from the original culture.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Escarpment Laboratories	July 2020: Hornindal Farm Kveik	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture; contains lactic acid bacteria. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)		The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture; contains lactic acid bacteria. Limited availability.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Omega Yeast Labs	Hornindal Kveik	Original culture, but "purified" to remove the lactic acid bacteria.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Omega Yeast Labs	OYL-071 Lutra™ Kveik	Single isolate from the original Hornindal kveik; characterized as being a "shockingly clean" strain . Available in dried format.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Propagate Lab	MIP-342 Kveik Hornindal	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Bio4 (Brazil)	SY081 Norwegian Kveik	Single strain isolate .
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	The Yeast Bay	Hornindal Kveik	Single isolate; characterized as "stone fruit and tropical esters".
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Imperial Yeast	A46 Bartleby	Single isolate; characterized as "pineapple, apricot and peach aromas".
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#5 Hornindal, Raftevold	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Terje Raftevold's Hornindal	5	Jasper Yeast	JY246 - Hornindal	Single isolate; characterized as "tropical ester flavor".
Lærdal	6	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Laerdal	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture; contains lactic acid bacteria. Sold dried. Limited availability.
Lærdal	6	Escarpment Laboratories	Lærdal Kveik	Single strain isolate. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Hans Haugse's Granvin	7	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)		The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Sigurd Johan Saure's Tormodgarden	8	kveiktraining.com	Dried kveik #8 Tormodgarden / Saure	Sold by the farmhouse directly by Saure. 1 plastic bag containing approximately 15 grams of dried kveik #8 ("#8" refers to the Farmhouse Yeast Registry number). There might be some residue of the brown paper used for drying, but Saure says that it will not affect the fermentation, its all been sanitized before drying the kveik .
Sigurd Johan Saure's Tormodgarden	8	Escarpment Laboratories	Tormodgarden Kveik	Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Sigurd Johan Saure's Tormodgarden	8	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#8 Tormodgarden, Saure	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Sleight Beer Lab	Ehwaz Nordic	Single strain isolate; sold dried.
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Escarpment Laboratories	Ebbegarden Kveik Blend	Two strains isolated from Ebbegarden .
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Ebbegarden	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Propagate Lab	MIP-343 Kveik Ebbegarden
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#9 Ebbegarden, Øvrebust	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Ebbegarden, Stordal	9	Kveik Yeastery	K.9 Ebbegarden	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed other than bacteria) culture. Dried format.
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)		The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Sleight Beer Lab	Fehu Nordic	Single strain isolate.
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Propagate Lab	MIP-344 Kveik Framgarden
Framgarden, Stordal	10	The Yeast Bay	Framgarden Kveik	Single isolate; described as "melon and cantaloupe esters".
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Escarpment Laboratories	Framgarden Kveik	Blend of multiple isolates from the original Framgarden . Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Imperial Yeast	A36 POG	Single isolate; described as "tropical fruit aromas".
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#10 Framgarden, Øvrebust	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Framgarden, Stordal	10	Mogwai Labs	MOG-402 Framgarden
Lida	11	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Lida	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture with a strain of Lactobacillus. Limited availability.
Lida	11	The Yeast Bay	Lida Kveik	Single isolate; characterized as "apricot, stone fruit, and white grape esters".
Lida	11	Propagate Lab	MIP-355 Kveik Lida
Årset	13	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Årset	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Årset	13	Escarpment Laboratories	Årset Kveik Blend	Contains multiple inter-related strains; see this explanation from Richard Preiss. Sold as sourced by Jakob Årset, on the farm Årset in Eidsdal, Norway. The overall flavour profile is similar to the Hornindal Kveik Blend, but this blend exhibits a broad temperature range (we have heard of sub-15ºC) and tolerates acidic wort quite well.
Årset	13	Jasper Yeast	JY224 - Arset Kveik Blend	A blend of of strains from the original Årset. Characterized as, "low ester and fast fermenting, light notes of pear and apple in low hopped beers."
Årset	13	Jasper Yeast	JY252 Arset Kveik Single	Single isolate; characterized as "pear ester flavor".
Eitrheim	14	Kveik Yeastery	K.14 Eitrheim	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed other than bacteria) culture. Dried format.
Nornes	15	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Nornes	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Nornes	15	Propagate Lab	MIP-345 Kveik Nornes
Midtbust, Stordal	17	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Midtbust	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Midtbust, Stordal	17	The Yeast Bay	Midtbust Kveik	Single isolate; characterized as "restrained ester profile".
Midtbust, Stordal	17	Propagate Lab	MIP-347 Kveik Midtbust
Midtbust, Stordal	17	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#17 Midtbust	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Midtbust, Stordal	17	Escarpment Laboratories	Nov 2020: Midtbust Kveik	A blend of 5 isolated strains from the original. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release
Nystein	19	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Nystein	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Espe	20	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Espe	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Contains Lactobacillus reportedly tolerant of up to 9 IBU. Described as spice rum/cognac character along with apricot and peach notes. Recommended fermented on the cooler side between 60-85°F. Limited availability.
Espe	20	Omega Yeast Labs	OYL-090 Espe Kveik	Single strain isolate.
Epse	20	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#20 Epse	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Tomasgard	21	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Tomasgard	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture, including a hop tolerant Lactobacillus. Limited availability.
Stalljen	22	LevTeck (Brazil)	Seljeset Kveik	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture .
Stalljen	22	Escarpment Laboratories	Seljeset Kveik	Four isolates from the original culture. Reportedly one of the fastest fermenting kviek. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Stalljen	22	Propagate Lab	MIP-348 Kveik Stalljen
Stalljen	22	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Stalljen	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. The culture presents citrus forward with floral notes in the back round. It also can have a caramel or toffee like character to it as well. Dried format. Limited availability.
Stalljen	22	Kveik Yeastery	K.22 Stalljen	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed other than bacteria) culture. Dried format.
Otterdal	23	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#23 Otterdal, Grodås	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Otterdal	23	Kveik Yeastery	K.23 Otterdal	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed other than bacteria) culture. Dried format.
Halvorsgard	28	Escarpment Laboratories	Halvorsgard	Two isolates from the original kveik. Contains POF+ trains, strong fruity aromas with a light "baking spice". Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Ner-Saure	31	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Ner-Saure	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format. Characterized as having a burnt citrus character and fresh baked bread notes. This culture also has a Lactobacillus in that that is a bit more tolerant around 12 IBU .
Wollsæter	35	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)		The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Wollsæter	35	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#35 Wollsaeter	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Aurland	38	Propagate Lab	MIP-341 Kveik Auland	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. May contain bacteria.
Aurland	38	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Farmhouse - Auland	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Potentially POF+, and contains a species of Candida.
Skare	41	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Skare	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Skare	41	Escarpment Laboratories	Skare kveik	Pronounced "scar-uh". Blend of 3 isolated strains from skare kveik. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release
Skare	41	Escarpment Laboratories	KRISPY	Pronounced "scar-uh". Single isolate. KRISPY can be used to make clean, lager-like beers in a fraction of the time since fermentations can be performed in the 20-30ºC range. Note: Attenuation tends to be slightly lower than some lager strains, so aim to make a highly fermentable wort if you are targeting a dry finish .
Skare	41	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#41 Skare	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Opshaug	43	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Opshaug	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Opshaug	43	White Labs	WLP518	Single strain isolate .
Opshaug	43	Propagate Lab	MIP-352 Osphaug
Opshaug	43	Kveikshop (DEFUNCT)	#43 Opshaug	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Dried format; ships international.
Jordal	44	Escarpment Laboratories	Jordal Kveik	Blend of 4 isolates from the original Jordal. Potentially a one-time release under the lab's monthly "Kveik Ring" kveik release .
Jordal	44	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Farmhouse - Jordal	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability. It contains a mix of 3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and 2 hop intolerant (tolerates 9-10 IBU) Lactobacillus strains.
Hovden	48	Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik - Hovden	The full, unpurified (no microbes isolated or removed) culture. Limited availability.
Ebbegarden, Framgarden, Lida, Raftevold gård, and Wollsæter (blend)		Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Kveik the World Blend	Kveik blend dedicated to the late William Holden who created the Kornolfetsival to showcase kveik and helped trade kveik with brewrs outside of Norway. Each selected kveik was collected by William Holden. A portion of the proceeds from each sale will go to William's family. Contains hop intolerant strains of Lactobacillus (5-10 IBU will inhibit sour flavor).
Hornindal, Voss, Ebbegarden, and Årset (blend)		Escarpment Laboratories	Kveik The World Blend	Different than the Mainiacal culture of the same name. This was a promotional blend that was handed out for free at HomebrewCon 2019, but the company might hand it out again at future events .
Unknown		Bootleg Biology	OSLO	Single strain isolate. Isolated from Eld & Tid's house culture which is a mix of three kveik cultures from Hornindal (thus the exact original kveik that this isolate comes from is not known) . See this MTF thread on speculating which kveik this isolate could be from. It has been confirmed via ITS sequencing that this strain is within the kveik family but not which kveik culture it comes from . See also: Levi Fried's fermentation data for OSLO.
Unknown		Bootleg Biology	AURORA	Single strain isolate. Isolated from one of the kveik cultures from Hornindal (the specific kveik culture from Hornindal, of which there are a few, is unknown to Bootleg Biology) .
Unknown		Cellar Science	HORNINDAL Dry Beer Yeast	Isolate from a Hornindal kveik (origin not noted).
Unknown		Cellar Science	VOSS Dry Beer Yeast	Isolate from a Voss kveik (origin not noted).
Unknown		Imperial Yeast	A44 Kveiking	A blend of three isolated strains. The origin of the three strains is proprietary .
Unknown (blend)		Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik Blend - Juggernaut	A blend of 6 different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from 6 different kveik. Limited availability.
Unknown (blend)		Mainiacal Yeast (DEFUNCT)	Dried Kveik Blend - Berserker	A blend of 3 different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from 3 different kveik. Limited availability.
Unknown		Mogwai Labs (Australia)	MOG-401 Sunshine	A single isolate that produces clean "lager-like" beers.
Unknown		Propagate Lab	MIP-354 Oslo	Most likely the same as the Bootleg Biology OSLO.
Unknown		WHC Lab	Ubbe	Clean "lager-like" taste and aroma. Single strain isolated from the Hornindal region in Norway . This is reported to be the same strain as Bootleg Biology's OSLO product .
Unknown		WHC Lab	Bjorn	Single strain isolate from the Hornindal region in Norway. Characterized as fruity .
Unknown		WHC Lab	Lagertha	Single strain isolate from the Stranda region in Norway . Editor's note: this is likely the same strain as Omega HotHead.
Unknown		WHC Lab	Odin	Lightly fruity; ferments in the lower 20's °C . Most likely a single strain isolate.
Unknown		WHC Lab	Ragnar	Single strain isolate from the Voss region in Norway . Editor's note: this is likely the same strain as Omega Voss.
Unknown		WHC Lab	Valkryie	A yeast strain isolated from a kviek isolate from Ebbegarden region in Norway (most likely #9 on the registry .
Unknown		WHC Lab	Hornindal Kveik - Red Hot IPA Yeast - Dehydrated	Isolate from a Hornindal kveik (origin not noted). Might be the same as their discontinued "Bjorn" product.
Unknown		WHC Lab	Voss Kveik - Lightning Fast Ale Yeast-Dehydrated	Isolate from a Voss kveik (origin not noted). Might be the same as their discontinued "Ragnar" product.
Unknown		White Labs	WLP631	A blend of several unnamed strains of kveik and an unnamed Lactobacillus species.

Landrace Yeast In Other Countries

There are farmhouse yeasts in other countries and Norway that have survived for generations, similar to kveik, but are genetically distinct from kveik. Since the term "kveik" refers to just Norwegian farmhouse yeast, the term "landrace yeast" has been proposed to refer to farmhouse yeasts as a category of yeast. Non-kveik landrace yeast includes yeasts from Lithuania and Russia such as Simonaitis, Rima, and Jovaru Alus, as well as the Norwegian farmhouse yeast Muri which is not genetically related to any kveik strains.

See Landrace Yeast for more information and commercially available cultures.

Hybrid Strains

• "Yeast fusion: the story of JÖTUNN" Escarpment Labs blog.
• "Hybrid Exploration in Kveik Yeast" Chop & Brew YouTube channel.

Specific Kveik Culture Information

See the Farmhouse Yeast Registry maintained by Lars Garshol for more complete and updated information on individual kveik cultures.

Sigmund Gjernes's Voss Kveik

The NCYC found that a sample of Sigmund Gjernes's kveik was made up of three strains of S. cerevisiae. No bacterial contamination was found. DNA fingerprinting found the strains to be closely related . See Larsblog Kveik analysis report for more information.

• NCYC 3995 - original sample of kveik containing three strains of S. cerevisiae.
• NCYC 3996 - 1st isolate in the 3995 blend.
• NCYC 3997 - 2nd isolate in the 3995 blend.
• NCYC 3998 - 3rd isolate in the 3995 blend.

Tips For Use

• Tips from Andrew Rathband and Lars Garshol on MTF.
• Community spreadsheet tracking fermentation characteristics of many kveik cultures.
• Ryan Brews Blog; Norwegian Table Beer review using The Yeast Bay's Voss Kveik.
• See also the Saccharomyces page for vendor tips.
• Richard Preiss recommends that Voss Kveik can go as high as 13% ABV, but also needs high nitrogen nutrients (especially for a wine fermentation) .
• Experiences with high ABV/braggots.
• Tips for using kveik in hoppy beers.
• Practical Guide to Kveik and Other Farmhouse Yeast by author Mika Laitinen:
  • "Introduction"
  • "Fermentation"
  • "Farmhouse Yeast Descriptions"
  • Practical Guide to Kveik and Other Farmhouse Yeast: Reusing and Maintaining Yeast

Ebbegarden, Stordal

This kveik comes from Jens Aage Øvrebust, and was collected by William Holden. Jens originally brewed raw ale, but started boiling the wort because his beer became sour now and then. Pitch at 28C, harvest yeast from the top after a couple of days. Prefers not to let the yeast go over 30. Usually ferments 4-6 days. Sent to NCYC and NTNU, but no results yet. Jens usually ferments down to an SG of 1010, because he doesn't want the beer sweet. He says the yeast has always been in the valley as far as he knows.

Appears to have an unusual relationship with hops, so beware that this yeast may accentuate the hop bitterness in your beers. Jens says he only dry-hops himself. Richard Preiss from Escarpment Laboratories reported that sensory data on how bitter beer tastes with Ebbegarden kveik versus other yeast strains (Hornindal kveik and Conan strain) is that it produces a slightly more bitter beer, but the effect is not big .

Farmhouse Brewing Resources

MTF "The Podcast"

• Interview with Lars Garshol Part 1 and Part 2.

Kveik

• "Kveik" - what does it mean?
• How To Use Kveik.
• Farmhouse Yeast Registry.
• A family tree of kveik - Summary of Richard Preiss and Carolina Tyrawa's genetic research on kveik strains.
• Analysis of farmhouse yeast (kveik) - overview of master thesis by Truls C. Rasmussen that characterizes several kveik yeast species/strains.
• Kveik: Norwegian farmhouse yeast - An introduction to kveik and an initial report of DNA analysis by NCYC from 2009.
• Kveik analysis report - 2014 DNA fingerprinting of two more kveik samples sent to NCYC; one sample could not grow in the lab. The other found three closely related strains of yeast and no bacterial infection (Sigmund Gjernes's Voss Kveik).
• Brewing with kveik - Sigmund Gjernes, a homebrewer in Norway, brews traditional Norwegian farmhouse ale with kveik.
• Hornindal: interviews and collecting kveik - An attempt by Lars to collect three more samples of kveik which would not grow in the lab.
• Kveik testing - Lars brews using 5 different samples of kveik he's collected, and compares tasting notes.
• The Brü Lab Episode 033 - Kveik History & Genetics w/ Lars Marius Garshol.
• The Brü Lab Episode 031 - Kveik Fermentation Temperatures w/ Dr. Richard Preiss.
• The Brü Lab Episode 086 - Kveik Fermentation Times w/ Lars Marius Garshol.

Raw Ale

• Raw ale - Definition of "raw ale", and the methods used to brew it in historical and traditional farmhouse brewing.
• "Brewing Modern Raw Ales," Brewing Nordic blog.

Norwegian Farmhouse Ale (Maltøl)

• Garshol's English book, "Historical Brewing Techniques" in English, 2020.
• Garshol's book on Norwegian farmhouse ale, "Gårdsøl", 2016 - Garshol's book on kveik and Norwegian farmhouse ale (currently available in Norwegian only).
• Norwegian farmhouse ale styles - An overview of the different styles of Norwegian farmhouse ale.
• Norwegian farmhouse ale - A brief history of traditional Norwegian farmhouse brewing (Lars refers to it as "homebrewing"), and what it is like today.
• Maltøl, or Norwegian farmhouse ale - An updated description of Norwegian farmhouse ale (broadly called "Maltøl"), substyles (Vossaøl/Hardangerøl, Råøl, Stjørdalsøl, and others), where they are being brewed today, and to what extent they preserve traditional processes.
• A guide for visitors to finding farmhouse ale in Norway.
• Norwegian Ethnological Research - Garshol's own research of the data that formed the basis for the definitive book on Norwegian farmhouse ale, Odd Nordland's "Brewing and beer traditions in Norway," published in 1969.
• Herbs in Norwegian farmhouse ale - Survey analysis of herbs used in traditional Norwegian farmhouse ale.
• Norway: climate and ingredients - Survey analysis of the distribution of brewing malts in traditional Norwegian farmhouse ale.
• MTF thread on species of juniper to use for farmhouse styles beers, and which are poisonous.
• "Heimabrygg, Vossaøl, Hardangerøl and Sognøl – The Farmhouse Homebrews of Western Norway," by Mika Laitinen.

Farmhouse Ale in Other Countries

• See Landrace Yeast.
• Traditional farmhouse brewer, maltster, and Gotlandsdricke from Gotland.
• "How to Brew Keptinis", a Lithuanian style of farmhouse ale using baked bread our of mash grains.
  • See also this MTF thread on experiences of MTF members brewing this style of beer.
• Mika Laitinen's talk "Taari, Karelian Farmhouse Ale" at Kornølfestival 2022:

General Farmhouse Brewing

• "Brewing With Juniper, Spruce, Fir and Pine," by author Mika Laitinen Part 1 and Part 2.
• MTF post from farmhouse brewer Jørund Geving on how to build a temporary såinn house (smoke house) for making traditional smoked Stjørdalsmalt.

Kornølfestival

There is an annual festival created by the late William Holden celebrating the cultural traditions of European farmhouse brewing called the Kornølfestival. The festival is held in Hornindal, Norway in October with bus and hotel accommodations for visiting attendees.

• Watch the 2020 Kornølfestival Session 1 and Session 2.
  • Youtube version: Session 1 and Session 2.
  • Susan Verberg's informational highlights for the festival Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3.

• Chop n Brew interview with Lars Marius Garshol and Stig Jarle Seljeset about the festival:

• 2021 Kornølfestival clips on Bård Romar Hoveid's YouTube channel.

• Updates to Kveik research by Lars Marius Garshol at Kornølfestival 2022:

• 2023 Kornølfestival presentations in English:

General Videos

• List of videos formerly maintained by the late William Holden in the Kveik Facebook group.
• Ivar A. Geithung's historic family farmhouse (Vasstrond'e Småbryggjarlaug).
• Chop And Brew playlist of videos on kveik, including information and farmhouse brewing demonstrations from Ivar A. Geithung.
• Terje Raftevold in Hornindal brewing raw farmhouse ale with kveik.
• "Drink friends old and dear, my ale shall bring good cheer". (video is about brewing traditional Norwegian Farmhouse beer in Hardanger, audio is in Norwegian)
• Richard Preiss's presentation and Q&A on kveik on the Doug Piper Crowdcast; 03/04/2020.
• Lars Marius Garshol's presentation and Q&A on kveik and farmhouse brewing on the Doug Piper Crowdcast; 04/15/2020.
• Interview with Lars Marius Garshol on the Escarpment Labs youtube channel with Richard Preiss; 04/20/2020.
• Lars Marius Garshol presentation on farmhouse brewing for the Brewers Association; May 2020.
• Homebrewing Condor playlist on how to use kveik (in Italian).
• Steps to making a Kornøl (Norwegian farmhouse ale) with Terje Raftevold (English subs):

• Traditional farmhouse malting and brewing, from Aurland, Sogn (audio is in Norwegian, but the imagery is still worthwhile if you do not understand Norwegian):

• Brewing with the elusive Hornindal-strain, done old school, no boiling, 2 days fermenting:

• Ivar A. Geithung making farmhouse ale at Vasstrond'e Småbryggjarlaug in Voss, Norway:

• Traditional Latgalian STONE BEER With Brewer Jānis Maļkevičs, Dagda/Kraslava Municipality (associated MTF thread):

• RåØl (Raw Beer) Brewday with John Palmer at EIK og TID:

• Presentation by Lars Marius Garshol (in Norwegian):

• Omega Yeast Labs presentation on farmhouse brewing and using kveik:

• Presentation on kveik with Lance Shaner from Omega Yeast Labs, Damian Fagan, co-founder of Almanac Beer Co, and Chris Cohen:

• First ever North America presentation on kveik and farmhouse ales by Lars Marius Garshol at Burnt City Brewing in Chicago, 2019:

• Norwegian farmhouse brewer Ivar Geithung documents the brewing and fermentation of a traditional farmhouse brew that takes inspiration from other areas (Chop and Brew video; part 1 and 2):

• Author Susan Verberg demonstrating farmhouse brewing with hot rocks:

• The Ale Apothecary owner Paul Arney's documentary on Norwegian farmhouse brewing:

• Traditional Nordic Beer Drinking Vessels by author Mika Laitinen:

• Jeff Alworth films Kjetil Dale, farmhouse brewer in Voss, Norway (click here for main article). Dale also offers farmhouse brewing demonstrations to the public at his farmhouse in Voss:

• Lars Marius Garshol on Doug Piper podcast: "The Art & Science of Brewing: Norwegian Kveik and Farmhouse Traditions"

• Norwegian farmhouse brewers Ivar Geithung and Johnny Pedersen visit Northern Brewer and Chop n Brew to brew four different traditional farmhouse brews:

• Lars Marius Garshol farmhouse ale presentation at EBCU:

• Lars Marius Garshol interview on Beer Ladies Podcast:

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

• Landrace Yeast
• Raw Ale
• Saccharomyces
• MTF Thread Highlights (search for 'kveik')
• Mead
• Regional Styles

External Resources

• "Historical Brewing Techniques" by Lars Marius Garshol.
• "Kveik" page on Wikipedia.
• Escarpment Labs blog post giving an overview of kveik and farmhouse beer styles.
• MTF thread on Lars Garshol sending Richard Preiss several strains of kveik for isolation and analysis.
• MTF thread on Alcolyzer readings (original gravity, final gravity, and ABV) of various farmhouse ales taken at Norsk Kornølfestival 2017. See also this spreadsheet.
• Beer and Brewing Traditions in Norway by Odd Nordland, Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
• Gårdsøl - det norske ølet by Lars Marius Garshol, Cappelen Damm, 2016. More info.
• "Lithuanian Countryside Yeast Tales," by ramtyns, 2012.
• Short History of Beer in Lithuanian, by Alastair Philip Wiper.
• "Characterization of genotype and beer fermentation properties of Norwegian Farmhouse Ale Yeasts," masters thesis by Truls C. Rasmussen.
• "Chain letters for Kveik" and Kveik flavor profiles.
• Norwegian brewer Ivar A. Geithung discusses his brewing process with kveik yeast on MTF.
• Sui Generis Blog on using Kveik for a black IPA recipe.
• "Kveik World Order" blog, by DeWayne Schaaf.
• Presentation notes and slides from a Lars Garshol presentation, by Ed Wray, 2018.
• Kveik Buy/Sell Group on Facebook.
• MBAA podcast interview with Richard Preiss of Escarpment Labs on Kveik.
• "How to Brew with Kveik" by Lars Marius Garshol and Richard Preiss; MBAA TQ Quarterly (MBAA member access only).
• "Kveik Training" by Sigurd Johan Saure in Sykkylven Norway; in person training on how to brew traditional Norwegian farmhouse ale at a traditional farmhouse brewery. See also this interview with Sigurd.
• "The Kveik Experience"; in person smokehouse and farmhouse brewing sessions by Kjetil Dale in Voss, Norway.
• "A Fire Being Kindled — The Revolutionary Story of Kveik, Norway’s Extraordinary Farmhouse Yeast," by Claire Bullen; an in depth introductory article on kveik.
• GBH Podcast: OL-011 Claire Bullen Reads "A Fire Being Kindled—The Revolutionary Story of Kveik, Norway’s Extraordinary Farmhouse Yeast".
• GBH Podcast: OL-013 Claire Bullen Reads, "The Land of Fire and Kveik — Farmhouse Brewing at the Crossroads in Voss, Norway".