Nonconventional Yeasts and Bacteria

Nonconventional Yeasts and Bacteria are yeasts and bacteria genre that haven't been greatly explored in alcoholic fermentation, but might prove to be worth exploration. This page contains anecdotal information, as well as scientific information that might prove useful for brewers who are looking to brew with microbes that don't include the typical lab yeasts and bacteria for sour/mixed fermentations. For yeasts and bacteria that are more often used in sour and mixed fermentations, see Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces, Lactobacillus, and 'Pediodoccus.

Under progress

Potential references:

- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1336235339738010/?comment_id=1336277939733750&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1337089182985959/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1346900285338182/
- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996916302332
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1366829093345301/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1365795896781954/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1380004022027808/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1284664904895054/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1400174630010747/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1420821137946096/
- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074000201630452X
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1457271340967742/
- Review: Pure non-Saccharomyces starter cultures for beer fermentation with a focus on secondary metabolites and practical applications
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1485339661494243/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1140282595999953/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12102552
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1546044102090465/
- http://beer.suregork.com/?p=3860
- http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.001607
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1582089058485969/
- http://www.mbaa.com/publications/tq/tqPastIssues/2017/Pages/TQ-54-1-0215-01.aspx
- http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/03/27/121103
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1640324282662446/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1659004047461136/
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1669790909715783/
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jib.381/full
- http://www.asbcnet.org/publications/journal/vol/2017/Pages/ASBCJ-2017-2532-01.aspx
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1680093658685508/
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/yea.3146/abstract
- https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1/?ui=2&ik=1b8e47c65b&view=att&th=15c548b66cda8ae6&attid=0.1&disp=safe&zw
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1649825158379025/

Bacteria

Oenococcus

Oenococcus Kitaharae

O. kitaharae is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) that was isolated from composting distilled shochu residue produced in Japan. This species represents only the second member of the genus Oenococcus to be identified. O. kitaharae has the ability to ferment maltose, citrate and malate and the ability to synthesize specific amino acids such as L-arginine and L-histidine unlike some O. Oeni. In addition to these metabolic differences, the O. kitaharae genome also encodes many proteins involved in defense against both bacteriophage (restriction-modification and CRISPR) and other microorganisms (bacteriocins), and has had its genome populated by at least two conjugative transposons, which is in contrast to currently available genome sequences of O. oeni which lack the vast majority of these defense proteins. It therefore appears that the genome of O. kitaharae has been shaped by its need to survive in a competitive growth environment that is vastly different from that encountered by O. oeni, where environmental stresses provide the greatest challenge to growth and reproduction.

Sugar Utilization

One of the defining biochemical differences between O. kitaharae and O. oeni that was noted in its original isolation was the ability of O. kitaharae to produce acid from maltose. This trait is rare in O. oeni, which is formally classified as maltose negative. By comparing available whole-genome annotations for O. oeni with O. kitaharae, it was possible to identify several genes associated with sugar utilization that are deferentially present across the species. Of these, at least four genes which are present in O. kitaharae, but absent in the O. oeni genomes, are predicted to be involved in the utilization of maltose, providing a direct genetic basis for this phenotype. In addition to genes predicted to be involved in the species-specific utilization of maltose, there are several ORFs predicted to be involved in the metabolism of trehalose, D-gluconate, D-ribose and fructose that are specifically present in O. kitaharae. While the assimilation of these sugars is often carried out by specific strains of O. oeni, this genotypic data agrees well with biochemical tests performed previously that indicated that O. kitaharae was able to utilize all of these various carbon sources.

Oenococcus oeni

Oenococcus oeni(also know as Leuconostoc oeni) is a Genus of Gram-positive LAB, ellipsoidal to spherical in shape that is primarily used in Malolactic Fermentation. Oenococcus oeni is a facultative anaerobe. It is able to use oxygen for cellular respiration but can also gain energy through fermentation. It characteristically grows well in the environments of wine, being able to survive in acidic conditions below pH 3.0 and tolerant of ethanol levels above 10%. Optimal growth occurs on sugar and protein rich media. Cells tend to grow in chains or pairs. O. Oeni is heterofermentative and generally produces CO2, Ethanol, Acetate, and Diacetyl.

O. oeni ferments sugars using both the hexose-monophosphate and phosphoketolase pathways using the enzymes Glucose-6-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphoketolase to from D(-)-lactic acid, CO2 and ethanol in equal amounts when metabolising D-glucose. O.oeni can convert pentose phosphate to acetic acid in an oxygen dependant reaction which requires NADP. It cannot metabolize polysaccharides and alcohols.

O.oeni can decarboxylate L-malate to L(+)-lactate, but cannot use it as a sole source of carbon. It requires the amino acids Glutamic acid, valine, guanine, adenine, xanthine, uracil, riboflavin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, thiamine, biotine and pantothenic acid. There is some variation of amino acid requirement between strains.

Name	Mfg#
White Labs	Malolactic Culture
Wyeast	Malolactic Blend
CHR Hansen	Viniflora

Weisella

See also:

• Malt Inoculated Wort

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

• Brettanomyces
• Lactobacillus
• Pediococcus
• Acetobacter
• Pellicle

External Resources

• Example link.

References

Functional Divergence of Oenococcus kitaharae

Identifications of Oenococcus kitaharae