Lactobacillus

Omega Yeast Labs OYL-605 Lactobacillus Blend; photo by Stephen Little.

Lactobacillus (often referred to by brewers as "Lacto") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which produces acidity and sour flavors in the form of lactic acid and secondary metabolites found in lambics, Berliner Weiss, sour brown ales, and gueuze. All Lactobacillus species are facultative anaerobes, which means they grow anaerobically but can also grow in the presence of oxygen and use oxygen to some degree . There are more than 100 species, many of which are found in the human gastrointestinal track . In addition to beer, some species of Lactobacillus are also used to ferment yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, wine, cider, kimchi, cocoa, and kefir . Lactobacillus can form a pellicle (need reference). See Pediococcus, Brettanomyces, Saccharomyces, Mixed Cultures, Kveik, and Nonconventional Yeasts and Bacteria charts for other commercially available cultures. See the Wort Souring and Mixed Fermentation pages for brewing techniques with Lactobacillus. See the Alternative Bacteria Sources section for culturing Lactobacillus from grains, yogurt, probiotics, and other sources.

Introduction of Characteristics and Taxonomy

Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that are considered to be a part of a broader classification of bacteria known as lactic acid bacteria (abbreviated as "LAB"). Other genera of bacteria that belong to this group and also appear in food fermentation include Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, and Leuconostoc. Lactobacillus, as well as these other LAB genera, have three main metabolic pathways: glycolysis (fermentation of sugars), lopolysis (degradation of fat), and proteolysis (degradation of proteins). Lactic acid (specifically the conjugate base form, lactate), is the major byproduct of their fermentation. Other secondary metabolites include diacetyl, acetoin, acetaldehyde or acetic acid (some of which can contribute yogurt flavors to yogurt as well as maybe beer). While the lopolysis pathway contributes little to flavor, the proteolysis pathway produces amino acids which can be further converted into various alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, and sulphur compounds, many of which contribute various flavors to dairy fermentation products as well as to sour beer .

The genus Lactobacillus contains a large number of relatively diverse species, and is the largest genus of the lactic acid bacteria group with over 50 species , many of which have been identified as playing an important role in food fermentation or as probiotic species found in the human gut. The species Lactobacillus delbruekii consists of three subspecies: subsp. delbrueckii, subsp. lactis and subsp. bulgaricus, and have been used in yogurt fermentation. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes among LAB. L. sanfranciscensis is the predominant LAB in sourdough cultures. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. curvatus, L. rahmosus, and L. casei are often found in cheese maturation. L. johnsonii and L. reuteri strains have mostly been found in human and animal feces, suggesting that they are natural intestinal flora and are probiotic. Other species that have been used as probiotics include L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L acidophilis (the latter is also used in yogurt fermentation). Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei is used in the fermentation of sake . Recently, whole genome sequencing led to the genetically driven proposal to divide the genus of Lactobacillus into either 2 subdivisions, or more radically into 10-14 subdivisions . With the emergence of whole genome sequencing, other changes have been proposed, such as merging and splitting species of Lactobacillus .

For more information on the metabolism of lactobacilli, see Metabolism.

Commercial Lactobacillus Cultures

Culture Charts

Lab Name	Product Name	Taxonomy	CO2 Producer (Het/Hom)	Starter Note	Fermentation/Other Notes
Bootleg Biology	Sour Weapon L	Lactobacillus plantarum (blended strains)	Facultatively heterofermentative		Drops the pH of wort quickly. At 98F, trial batches dropped the pH of wort to 3.0 after just 24 hours. When pitched at 84F, pH should reach 3.5 in 24 hours. Ideal to use for acidifying wort for quick/kettle sours, and is also very effective when co-pitched with a yeast strain. As with any Lactobacillus culture, we do not recommend using in worts with 10 or more IBUs as that will prevent significant souring. Isolated from traditional Norwegian Kveik .
Brewing Science Institute	L. brevis	Lactobacillus brevis	Heterofermentative		Shipped during log phase, so recommended to use within 2 to 3 days of receiving. Unlike yeast, BSI sells bacteria by volume, and will sell a specific volume for the number of BBL's the brewer is souring. Store at room temperature, not cold. Optimal temperature for fermentation is 102-105°F. Bacteria is half the price of yeast. Commercial pitches only; not listed on their catalog, but is carried in stock. BSI does not have IBU tolerance data, but there has been at least one report of it being tolerant of up to 20 IBU .
Brewing Science Institute	L. delbrueckii	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Homofermentative		A Lactobacillus bacteria that produces a clean lactic sourness.
Craft Cultures	CCYL510	L. delbrueckii	Homofermentative		Lactic acid bacteria producing moderate acidity and sour flavors found in Lambics, Berliner Weiss, and Sour Ales. Commercial pitches only.
Craft Cultures	CCYL512	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Typically produces more lactic acid than Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Commercial pitches only.
East Coast Yeast	ECY32	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Originally isolated from kefir. Bright acidity and hop-tolerant (up to 30 IBU). Fermentation temperature 60 - 80F .
Escarpment Laboratories	Lactobacillus Blend	L. brevis and L. plantarum	Heterofermentative		This blend is designed to be usable at a wide range of temperatures, and is especially suited for kettle souring/Wort Souring. We recommend pre-acidifying wort to 4.5 with lactic acid, then pitching the Lactobacillus blend in a CO2-purged kettle or fermentor at 32-42°C.
Escarpment Laboratories	Lactobacillus brevis	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		This strain is moderately hop-tolerant, and as such it can also be used for long-term souring of <10IBU beers. It also performs well in kettle souring/wort souring where fast and clean lactic acidity is desired. We recommend pre-acidifying wort to 4.5 with lactic acid, then pitching the Lactobacillus blend in a CO2-purged kettle or fermentor at 35-45°C.
Fermmentos Labs (Brazil)	FB7 Pure Sour	L. plantarum and L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Designed for kettle souring. Optimal temperatures of 20-25°C .
Fermmentos Labs (Brazil)	FB12 Lactos	L. delbruekii and L. rhamnosus	Homofermentative		Designed for kettle souring. Optimal temperatures of 25-30°C .
Inland Island Yeast Laboratories	INISBC-991	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Produces more lactic acid at higher temperatures and in low hop worts. 70-95 F Temperature Range
Inland Island Yeast Laboratories	INISBC-992	L. delbruekii	Homofermentative		Produces more lactic acid at higher temperatures and in low hop worts. 70-95 F Temperature Range
Inland Island Yeast Laboratories	INISBC-932	L. fermentum	Heterofermentative
GigaYeast	GB110	L. delbrueckii?	Heterofermentative	For a 5 gallon batch of beer use 2 liters at 1.040 with high quality yeast nutrient. Keep as close to 86°F (30°C) as possible for 3-4 days with frequent rousing (no stir plate) .	Lactic Acid Bacteria are inhibited by hops, high gravity and low temperatures. You can adjust sourness by increasing or decreasing these variables. More than 7 IBU, gravity above 1050 or temps below 65 F will increase the time to sour or lead to reduced overall souring. Contains ~200 billion cells per homebrew pitch . We recommend brewing with GB110 in one of three ways. I) “Hot Start”: Pitch GB110 to wort at 98 F with little or no hops for 48-72 hrs. Wort may be soured before kettle boil or after. If soured before kettle boil, boil with hop additions as usual. If soured after kettle boil cool wort and pitch yeast. II) “Co-Pitch”: Pitch GB110 into a primary with yeast of your choice at 68-72 F. Wort that is less than 1050 and 7 IBU will typically be very sour in 2-3 weeks. III) “Secondary”: Pitch GB110 after primary fermentation for an aged sour. Souring by this method typically requires several months. Adding simple sugars or fruit etc. will enhance souring in the secondary . Sometimes referred to as GigaYeast's "Fast Acting Lacto". This strain is hop sensitive .
Lallemand	WildBrew Sour Pitch	L. plantarum	Facultatively heterofermentative		See this information from Scott Lucas on MTF. This culture comes in a dry (desiccated) format. Although the manufacturer's website claims this strain is tolerant of 4 IBU, we recommend that brewers treat this strain like any other strain of L. plantarum and do not expose it to any hops until the desired acidity has been produced (for example, see Wort Souring). Recommended temperature: 95-100°F (35-38°C) . Reports in MTF on hop tolerance are mixed: Thomas Delaney reported no souring with 4 IBU, while Warren Knowles reported slower souring to 3.2 in 48 hours with ~5 IBU. Adam Stout reported a pH drop from 5.4 to 5.0 over 24 hours with ~3-5 IBU. Knowles, Matt Lange, and Matt Waugh reported light THP for a few days that went away or dimished by serving time but otherwise clean acidity and good results .
Mainiacal Yeast	MYLP1	L. plantarum	Facultatively heterofermentative		Isolated from flowers at King Richards Faire in Massachusetts. It produces a clean lactic sour and prefers it a little cooler however does sour more quickly at its higher temps. Recommended fermentation temperature is 70-90°F . Commercial pitches only.
Mainiacal Yeast	MYLP2	L. plantarum	Facultatively heterofermentative		Isolated from grains going through the steeping process at Blue ox Malthouse. It produces a clean lactic sour and is a viable option for kettle souring, co-pitching, or post fermentation. Recommended fermentation temperature is 70-105°F . Commercial pitches only.
Mainiacal Yeast	MYLD1	L. delbruekii	Homofermentative		Isolated from a spontaneous beer, this strain likes it warm but not to hot. It does not sour as quickly and will require some longer aging times to reach terminal pH. It produces a clean acidity with a hint of farmhouse like straw. Recommended fermentation temperature is 65-90°F . Commercial pitches only.
Mainiacal Yeast	MYLB2	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		Produces a clean lactic acidity, but generally doesn't produce as much lactic acid as some other variants. It's best used co-pitched with other microbes and allowed to age. Expect this strain to be a bit lighter on the souring side leaving a tart refreshing beer. Recommended fermentation temperature is 60-85°F . Commercial pitches only.
Omega Yeast Labs	OYL-605	L. brevis, delbrueckii, and plantarum blend	Hetero/Hetero	1 liter starter for a 5 gallon batch of beer at room temperature for 24-48 hours. No stir plate unless kept anaerobic.	Quick souring. Pitch into 65°F-95°F . Holding temperature is not required. No longer contains delbruekii . Don't use any hops if possible. 2 IBU is a good target if hops must be used . Contains ~150 billion cells per homebrew pitch . This product is vegan .
RVA Yeast Labs	RVA 600	L. rhamnosus GG	Homofermentative	No starter necessary per RVA	Homofermentative Lacto strain found in probiotics; sensitive to hops; does well at room temperature.
SouthYeast Labs	Lactobacillus 1	Unknown	Heterofermentative		Source: Spontaneously infected beer (South Carolina). Best suits Light sours, gose, farmhouse saison (medium/high acidity).
SouthYeast Labs	Lactobacillus 2	Unknown	Homofermentatative		Source: Prickly pear fruit (South Carolina). Best suits strong sours, and lambic (high acidity).
The Yeast Bay	Lactobacillus Blend	L. plantarum, L. brevis, and an unidentified Lactobacillus species	Heterofermentative		The Lactobacillus Blend includes three strains: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and a strain of Lactobacillus isolated from a unique brewer of American sour beers that returned a sequencing result of "uncultured Lactobacillus". Quickly produces acidity across a wide range of temperatures. It can be used on its own for kettle souring prior to pitching yeast to create acidity quickly, or co-pitched with yeast to create sourness over time. It will produce a pronounced and rounded acidity. The Yeast Bay recommends holding the IBU on the low end (< 2-3) if you'd like to use this blend to create acidity in a shorter time frame. Higher IBUs may result in very slow or no souring (testing is still ongoing to determine IBU at which lactic acid production is inhibited). Temperature: 70-90°F. Cell count: 50-80 million cells/mL (1.75-2.8 billion cells for 35 mL homebrew vials) . Recommended temperature range for fastest acid production for kettle souring is 85-90°F, although if kept in the 70's it should produce good acidification in 48-72 hours. A major drop off of in acid production is seen above 90°F .
The Yeast Bay	TYB282	L. brevis	Heterofermentative		TYB282 is a single strain of Lactobacillus brevis isolated out of an unintentionally soured golden ale produced by a Mexican craft brewery. This strain produces a clean lactic acidity (down to ~pH 3.16-3.18) in unhopped wort within 36 hours at a temperature of ~72-77 F. The higher the temperature (up to 90 F is what we've tested), the faster the acid production. Recommended for kettle souring, as it grows rather quickly and produces acidity fast with no detectable off flavors. The Yeast Bay is about to begin some trials in hopped wort to test out the acidification in the presence of hop compounds, though they presume there is some level of adaptation to hop compounds given the environment in the beer from which we cultured the strain. Temperature: 70-90 ºF.
White Labs	WLP677	L. delbrueckii (might be misidentified )	Heterofermentative	no stir plate, room temp	Incubate at > 90°F and < 117°F for 5-7 days for greater lactic acid production. Cell count: 50-80 million cells/mL (1.75-2.8 billion cells in a 35 mL homebrew vial) . Not a good strain for kettle souring, but can produce a "soft" acidity over a longer period of time . White Labs claims that it is tolerant to up to 20 IBU, although growth starts to become inhibited at 15 IBU . Generally heat tolerant, but sours faster between 100-110°F
White Labs	WLP672	L. brevis	Heterofermentative	No stir plate, room temp	Produced by The Yeast Bay. More hop tolerant than other Lacto strains, however TYB advises to use wort with less than 10 IBU. White Labs data sheet shows that growth is inhibited to 82% at 5 IBU, and 60% at 10 IBU . Temperature range: 70-95°F (greatly inhibited at 110°F) ; 80% attenuation (this may not reflect actual attenuation of wort in a real brewery; see reference ). Cell count: 50-80 million cells/mL (1.75-2.8 billion cells for 35 mL homebrew vials) .
Wyeast	5335	L. buchneri	Heterofermentative	1 liter starter for a 5 gallon batch of beer, 1.020 DME sterile wort, no stir plate, no O2, starter at 90°F if possible 5-7 days	Incubate at 90°F for 5-7 days for greater lactic acid production. Cell count: 1.0 x 108 (100 million) cells/mL (10 billion cells in a 100 mL homebrew pouch) .
Wyeast	5223-PC	L. brevis	Heterofermentative	no stir plate, room temp is fine	Heterofermentative (produces lactic acid, ethanol and CO2), more hop tolerant. Does well at room temperature. AVAILABLE ONLY FROM JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER 2014 (Michael Dawson from Wyeast indicated that this culture may return at some point). Jamie Daly indicated on MTF that he got almost no sourness after 24 hours at 100°F (37.8°C). He lowered the temperature to 90°F-95°F (32.2°C-35°C) for 36 hours, and the pH of the wort went down to 3.29. Thus, Jamie recommends 90°F-95°F (32.2°C-35°C) for 60 hours for better souring; avoid warmer temperatures. He also aerated his starter of L. brevis (2L starter of 1.020 DME) and set it on a stir plate at 95°F . The beer wort was not aerated, and the fermenter was flushed with CO2. These methods need verification. Cell count: 1.0 x 108 (100 million) cells/mL (10 billion cells in a 100 mL homebrew pouch) .
Wyeast	4335	L. delbruekii	Heterofermentative		There are various references on the internet during the mid to late 2000's to a product called "Wyeast 4335 Lactobacillus delbruekii", however, this product is no longer offered by Wyeast. When asked about this product, the Wyeast customer support reported that the "4335" product was renamed to "5335" fifteen years ago, and the "5335" and "4335" products are the same culture. It is unclear why "4335" was labeled as L. delbruekii, but it is likely that it was originally misidentified .

Manufacturer Tips

Omega Yeast Labs on OYL-605

The following is a statement by Lance Shaner, owner of Omega Yeast Labs:

Lance Shaner: "Full disclosure: I own Omega Yeast Labs. Pitching at 120F is a bad idea with this blend. The bug doing most of the work in this blend is Lactobacillus plantarum. The best temp for plantarum is 80-95F . It does not work [as well] over 105°F . Also, we regularly make a 1 liter starter with the Lacto blend for faster souring. Simply pitch the contents of the pouch into 1 liter of sterile 1.040 wort and let sit for 24 hours at 70-80°F before pitching (no need to stir). Adi Hastings mentioned the imperial stout we just kettle soured. We previously brewed a Berliner using the same method. At 17 hours, pH was at 3.42 and temp was 75°F (original pitch temp was 85°F). At 40 hours, pH was 3.24, at which time we boiled. Lower pH in the Berliner compared to the stout at 17 hours likely has to do with different buffering capacities in different worts."

This blend is very susceptible to hops. It is recommended to not use any hops when souring with this Lactobacillus. If hops must be used (some commercial breweries have to use hops for legal reasons), a maximum of 2 IBU is recommended.

Wyeast on 5335

The following is an excerpt with Jess Caudill, Brewer/Microbiologist, at Wyeast Laboratories, Inc. concerning usage of Wyeast 5335 and making a Berliner Weissbier.

1. Use 5335.
2. If using our 5335, don’t use ANY hops. You can always blend in some IPA or hopped wort after souring takes place if you really need some bitterness or hop flavor/aroma in the beer.
3. From one 5335 pack, make a 1L starter with 1.020 DME sterile wort. No O2! Incubate at 90°F if possible for 5-7 days.
4. Brew your 5 gallons of wort. Again… no hops. Sterilize the wort. (No need for sour mashes). Cool to 90°F and add 1L 5335 starter. No O2. Try to maintain 90°F for 5-7 days depending on how sour you want the beer.
5. After 5-7 days, cool wort to around 68. Pitch with a low pH tolerant strain such as 1007 or 2124. No O2. Ferment for around 1-2 weeks… until you hit terminal.
6. Package beer. If bottle conditioning, use 4021 as a bottling strains. Very tolerant to low pH.

RVA Yeast Labs on RVA 600

From their website: a great lactic acid bacterial strain that will add a pleasant tangy sourness. RVA 600 is a pure culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG which is found in many commercial probiotic products which have been shown in clinical studies to have many beneficial effects. These are homofermentative (only produces lactic acid, no carbon dioxide or ethanol) and are hop-sensitive. For more pronounces souring add before you add your yeast. You can sour to taste then add a yeast strain to outcompete the bacteria. Again, hop sensitive so easy on them…or dry hop the heck out of it! You may also want to experiment with blending sour low hop beer with an ale strain beer .

Malachy McKenna: "The amount of bacteria in our homebrew units should eliminate the use of a starter. Pitching on the warm side will speed up the souring but RVA 600, a pure culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, the first commercially available probiotic propagated for use in brewing, does just fine at room temp. We had originally developed RVA 600 as a mix but fell in love with the pure strain .

SouthYeast Labs on Lactobacillus 1 and 2

The L2 strain grows best at 86°F-100°F (30°C-37.7°C), and does not work well over 100°F. Keep IBU's low to none. L1 will likely be discontinued due to high amounts of acetic acid production .

White Labs on WLP672

"It is intended for secondary, so you only need to do a starter if you are doing a primary fermentation with it. DME would be the best substrate... Since its a Lacto species, you don't really want to aerate it. A slow stir-plate would be good, to keep it moving, but not much more than that." - Sarah Neel, White Labs, Sales and Customer Service (quoted with permission).

Since WLP672 is meant for long term aging, it is not preferred to use for kettle souring/wort souring. See also 100% Lactobacillus fermentation.

General Advice

Starters and Pitching Rate

In addition to the starter information given in the Manufacturer Tips above, this section includes general advice for Lactobacillus starters for homebrewers and commercial brewers. For growing Lactobacillus in a lab environment, or from an initial grouping of cells from a plate/slant or smaller cell count, MRS media is the most efficient growth media. However, for full pitches of Lactobacillus in beer/wort, brewers won't want to add that much MRS media to their beer since MRS media has a distinct odor and smell that would not be desirable in beer . Therefore, growing Lactobacillus in a wort-based starter media is recommended for building full pitches of Lactobacillus. We recommend using an Erlenmeyer flask dedicated to growing Lactobacillus in order to lower the potential for yeast contamination. We also recommend using Samuel Aeschlimann's Starter Procedures. See External Resources for additional starter guides.

A good pitching rate for Lactobacillus is 100-125 billion cells per 5 gallons of wort, although pitching rates for Lactobacillus are more forgiving than they are for yeast. Having a manufacturer supply a cell count or doing a cell count manually after growth in a starter, and then pitching an exact cell count is the best approach to achieving the desired pitching rate. However, counting cells of Lactobacillus under a microscope can be difficult to achieve due to the small size of bacteria cells, so starter volumes are generally used instead when talking about pitching rates for Lactobacillus . Pitching ~0.5-1 liter per ~20 liters of wort (~0.75-1 gallon per barrel) of Lactobacillus starter is the general guideline (see below). Note that the exact advisable starter volumes of commercial cultures may differ from manufacture to manufacturer , and their recommendations might differ from ours. Achieving exact pitching rates for Lactobacillus is generally not necessary because over-pitching does not have a negative impact, and under-pitching is also more forgiving than under-pitching yeast (under-pitching risks producing less acid than desired for some strains of Lactobacillus). For these reasons, and the difficulty in estimating cell counts based on starter media type, strain, and other variables, a pitching calculator for Lactobacillus does not currently exist. However, estimations based on starter volume and freshness should be adequate.

The amount of growth that occurs in a starter is highly variable depending on the type of starter media, and the actual cell count is unknown unless the brewer can do a cell count. Matt Miller of Sour Beer Blog and Richard Preiss of Escarpment Yeast Labs advise that if ideal growth (1-2 billion cells/mL) can be achieved (for example by using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure or MRS media), then pitching as little as 100-125 mL of fresh Lactobacillus starter for 5 gallons of beer can achieve desirable acidity within 24 hours . Moderately ideal growth in a starter results in around 500 million cells/mL, resulting in a 400 mL starter for 5 gallons, and low growth results in around 100 million cells/mL, resulting in a 2 liter starter for 5 gallons, according to Matt Miller (see Matt Miller's article for more details) . If the amount of growth cannot be accurately determined by cell counting under a microscope, then pitching 0.5-1 liter of fresh Lactobacillus starter culture per 5 gallons of wort ensures that an adequate number of cells will be pitched.

Another thing to consider is that achieving a pH of 4 as fast as possible is advisable for preventing off-flavors from contaminating microbes . Larger pitch rates tend to achieve a lower pH faster . Therefore, unless using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure, pitching 0.5-1 liters of starter for 5 gallons of wort is advisable in general. Even when using Samuel Aeschlimann's starter procedure, over-pitching Lactobacillus is not a concern, so the same pitch rate of 0.5-1 liters for 5 gallons should still be considered unless the brewer is confident that high growth rate has been achieved in the starter, in which case 100-125 mL for 5 gallons of wort/beer should be adequate (again, exact pitching rates for Lactobacillus are generally not as important as they are for yeast pitching rates). Other factors that might affect the effectiveness of a volume based starter is the species/strain of the Lactobacillus being used, how much yeast contamination has occurred, and how old the Lactobacillus starter is. Some species/strains may require a larger volume of starter, as well as if yeast has contaminated the starter or wort (see 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation). If a Lactobacillus culture is older than 1 month, then a fresh starter should be made. Keeping a separate Erlenmeyer flask for Lactobacillus starters can help to prevent yeast contamination , as well as using sterilization equipment such as an autoclave or pressure cooker.

Starter mediums that brewers have used include unhopped DME wort starters and apple juice starters. These tend to be adequate for many brewers. However, Samuel Aeschlimann from Eureka Brewing Blog showed that using DME with a little bit of apple juice, chalk, and yeast nutrients provides close to optimal cell densities that match MRS media cell densities. See Samuel Aeschlimann's Starter Procedures. Specific nutrients that will increase growth is thiamine (vitamin B1), or a combination of thiamine and riboflavin (vitamin B2). For example, it has been shown that thiamine is required in order for L. brevis to efficiently convert pyruvate into lactic acid and ethanol. The addition of these nutrients can help encourage growth . For example, the addition of vitamin H (biotin) was found to greatly increase the growth of L. plantarum in a lab setting .

Although more experiments and probably needed, agitation is believed to be an important factor for both yeast and bacteria in general. Gentle stirring on a stir plate or orbital shaker, or frequent gentle manual agitation leads to faster growth and a higher number of organisms. Agitation keeps the microbes in solution. It also maximizes the microbes' access to nutrients and disperses waste evenly. In a non-agitated starter, the microbes are limited to the diffusion rate of nutrients, leading to a slower and more stressful growth . If agitation is not possible for whatever reason, a successful starter can be made without agitation. Sam Aeschlimann reported good success with Lactobacillus starters that are not agitated .

Although Lactobacillus are tolerant of oxygen and oxygen usually does not negatively affect their growth (except in the case of L. plantarum, which has been shown to produce small amounts of acetic acid when exposed to oxygen and glucose is not present ), it is also generally not needed (an exception to this may be L. brevis, which has been shown to increase growth rates in the presence of oxygen ). Therefore, it is generally best practice to prevent aerating the starter with an airlock for Lactobacillus starters. If exposure to air occurs, and the starter does not smell like it has been contaminated by the exposure, then the starter can still be used.

• Improperly dried Lactobacillus can lead to a thick sedimentation in starter media. See this advice from Mark Riester.
• For information on mixed culture starters, see Mixed Culture Starters.

Samuel Aeschlimann's Starter Procedures

Visual comparison of Lactobacillus growth under CaCO3 and no CaCO3; photo provided by Jeff Mello of Bootleg Biology. See this page for details about this image.

Samuel Aeschlimann from Eureka Brewing Blog ran a set of experiments that found a DME based recipe for starter wort that produces a very high cell density similar to that of MRS media, which provides optimal growth rates for Lactobacillus.

The recipe for this starter wort is: 1.040 SG (10°P) Dried Malt Extract wort with 10% apple juice + 1.5-2 grams of chalk (CaCO3) per liter + yeast nutrients (originally, Aeschlimann recommend 20 grams of chalk, but we now recommend a much smaller amount of chalk; see below for details). This starter wort might be as effective without the 10% apple juice addition, but this has not been tested as far as we know. Regarding the use of chalk, it is the preferred buffer because it does not react with CO2 (unlike baking soda), so it won't be consumed by exposure to air due to CO2 production by the Lacto. It also has a pKa (maximum buffering capacity) of around 4.6, which is ideal for Lactobacillus growth. The fact that it easily precipitates out also makes it ideal to use as a buffer . Jeff Mello from Bootleg Biology, Nick Impellitteri from The Yeast Bay, and Bryan from Sui Generis blog suggest that using the smaller amount of 1.5-2 grams of CaCO3 per liter is preferable because that amount is easier to precipitate out of the starter and avoid pitching into the beer (the growth differences from using less chalk has not been tested though) . To create a 1 liter starter for 20 liters of wort, follow these directions:

1. Add 100 grams of DME to around 900 mL of water and heat pasteurize/boil as you would normally do for a starter. This should make 1.040 SG (10°P) starter wort.
2. Cool the DME wort to the desired incubation temperature (see step 4), and add 100 mL of pasteurized apple juice, 1.5-2 grams of chalk (CaCO3), and half a teaspoon of yeast nutrients. The chalk won't dissolve into solution, so don't worry about it. . Boiling the apple juice might destroy some of the nutrients in the apple juice that assist Lactobacillus in its growth, and since it is pasteurized boiling it is not necessary .
3. Best practice is that starters should not be aerated, although there may be an exception to this for L. brevis . Some people prefer to stir their starter with an airlock in order to keep the bacteria in suspension, others do not use a stir plate and keep the starter still. Agitation might improve growth rates by dispersing waste and nutrients equally . One advantage to not using a stir plate at least until the brewer is more familiar with their culture is that the top of the starter will begin to clear when the starter is done if the starter was kept still.
4. The starter should be held at the temperature best suited for the culture as shown in the Culture Charts.
5. Reference the above Culture Charts for how long the starter should be incubated for before pitching (24-48 hours is a general rule of thumb). If a stir plate is not used, one indication that the starter is done will be when the top of the starter begins to clear (turbidity is an indication that the culture is growing, and once the top portion of the starter starts to clear then that is a sign that growth has stopped) .
6. The chalk is not desirable to pitch into the beer because of its buffering effect. The chalk will sediment within hours of being added to the starter, or if a stir plate is used, a couple of hours after the stir plate is turned off . The Lactobacillus should stay in suspension for at least a day or two after the starter is done, so swirling the starter isn't necessary, although it is certainly an option. If the starter is swirled, allow a couple of hours for the chalk to sediment out again. After the chalk sediments to the bottom of the flask, pour all of the liquid from the top of the starter into the wort/beer, and leave the chalk sediment behind. Avoid cold crashing the starter because it can have an adverse effect on the bacteria's health .

See Lacto Starters, by Bryan of Sui Generis blog for additional information on Lactobacillus starters.

Cell Growth

"I typically grow it by itself anaerobically in MRS media. Seems to work very well and results in good growth. I've personally had the best success with MRS media and in an anaerobic environment, though I know some Lactobacillus strains grow aerobically just fine. The problem with growing lactic acid bacteria is the acid they produce will eventually inhibit their own growth. MRS contains a buffer to help combat the drop in pH as a result of LAB metabolism, which keeps the pH around 6-6.5 (I think) for optimal growth. I usually grow them at 35 C, but sometimes incubator space is at a premium (like right now) and I just [use a stir plate with an airlock]" . - Nick Impellitteri from The Yeast Bay on general Lactobacillus cell growth

Maximum cell densities of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus are around 1-9 billion cells/mL, depending on the available nutrients (amino acids and FAN) in the growth media . Cell growth rates concur with a drop in pH and a rise in titratable acidity. Brewer's wort has shown to be a nutritionally adequate growth medium for Lactobacillus. Both growth and the the lowering of pH begin to stabilize around 12-48 hours (assuming the Lactobacillus does not have any yeast to compete with). Titratable acidity will also rise drastically during growth, but will also continue to rise after growth has completed. The maximum growth that a particular species or strain is capable of might be explained by its pH tolerance, and thus its ability to produce more acid. For example, L. plantarum has been shown to grow in a very low pH environment (3.37-3.0 pH, depending on strain) due to their ability to better control large pH gradients between the cytoplasma and the external environment. This has been shown in the above data provided by Matt Humbard, as well as this reference . Thomas Hübbe's masters thesis showed that a strain of L. brevis had a spike of growth after 50 hours, and then a small dip in cell count after 96 hours, at which time the cell count remained consistent for at least 528 hours .

For the influence on cell growth in mixed cultures, see Effects of Mixed Cultures on Growth.

Effects of Oxygen

All prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria, are categorized based on the levels of oxygen in their environment in which they can grow and how they utilize oxygen if at all . Lactobacillus species are usually considered to be "facultative anaerobes" (or "facultative aerobes") , however, they are a special case. Facultative anaerobes usually make energy from oxygen if it is present via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, but otherwise engage in anaerobic fermentation . Lactobacillus species can utilize oxygen, but not through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. They use an alternative pathway instead. This pathway uses flavine-containing oxidases and peroxidases to carry out the oxidation of NADH2 using O2 . Lactobacilli, therefore, are unique in that they blur the line between facultative anaerobes and another class of prokaryotes known as "aerotolerant anaerobes". Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen to generate energy but can grow in the presence of oxygen.

The important take away here is that oxygen doesn't significantly affect most Lactobacillus species. They do not care if oxygen is present in order to grow and produce energy for themselves and lactic acid for brewers. They also do not produce significant amounts of butyric acid or isovaleric acid in the presence of oxygen .

Although it might not be relevant to beer brewing applications, there are a few exceptions to this in the scientific literature. For example, L. plantarum, which is a facultatively heterofermentative species, is homolactic without the presence of oxygen and produces only lactic acid. After food sources have been exhausted and in the presence of oxygen, however, L. plantarum switches to heterolactic fermentation, and further converts lactic acid into acetic acid. In a lab setting the conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid only happened when glucose was no longer available (this may not be the case in wort where other limiting factors such as low pH can prevent L. plantarum from continuing their metabolic processes before all glucose is consumed, which is the case in kettle souring), and only during the stationary phase (after growth stopped). During the conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid, L. plantarum also produces hydrogen peroxide (H²0²), which is toxic to microorganisms and is thought to be a protection mechanism for L. plantarum . This same process has also been observed in one strain of L. brevis and under similar conditions of depleted nutrients and oxygen . Omega Yeast Labs reports that no noticeable acetic acid is produced if the oxygen is not purged with their OYL-605 Lactobacillus blend which contains L. plantarum, and brewers should not aerate wort during sour but purging O2 is not required . This indicates that acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide production in typical brewing scenarios where little or no oxygen is present is probably not a concern. L. brevis has been shown to increase growth rates in the presence of oxygen . Thomas Hübbe's master thesis showed that under lab growth media "VLB-S7-S", "NBB®-A", and MYPG + cyclohexmide, both strains of Lactobacillus tested (L. brevis and L. parabrevis) did not show growth in an aerobic chamber, but did grow in an anaerobic chamber, although this might be an effect of the growth media and not representative of brewing conditions .

See also:

• Kettle souring.

Hop Tolerance

The following are comments by Bryan of Sui Generis Brewing blog:

There is a fair bit of research into hop tolerance out there; it's not a simple topic as a number of factors come into play to produce hop tolerance. To make things even more complicated, hop tolerance is an inducible trait in many Lactobacillus species - meaning that a seemingly susceptible strain can become resistant by culturing in ever-increasing doses, and a seemingly resistant strain can become susceptible after a generation or four in a hop-free media.

I've been trying to generate a permanently high-alpha acid resistant lacto strain for a few months now. I've been culturing L. brevis in escalating IBU wort (starting at 10, currently at 25). Every 4th generation (1 generation = a subculture of a stationary-phase lacto culture, not as in # cell divisions) I pass it through 2 generations of an IBU-free media to try and select for strains which maintain this resistance. This seems to have worked up to ~18 IBU (update: 20-30 IBU), but past that point the resistance appears to remain inducible. I'm hoping a few more generations will provide me with a permanently tolerant strain. Update: I had made a strong (~80ibu) wort that I diluted with unhopped wort. I would grow the Lactobacillus for a few passages (1 passage = grow culture to completion, then dilute ~1:100 into fresh wort to start next passage) at a set the IBU level, then passage to a wort 3 or so IBU higher. I did 50-60 generations before I got to the high IBU levels (~3 months, 1-2 days per generation). I never did anything to determine how much of that resistance was inheritable .

There are some other options; I've purified (but didn't keep - doh) some pretty resistant strains from grain by by making plates where you half-fill a plate, on an angle, with a high-IBU wort, and then overlay that with a no-IBU wort. This gives you a gradient plate, with low-IBUs on the end where the hopped-wort layer is thinnest and high IBUs where it is thickest. Some of those strains were resistant to over 30IBU, but being early in my yeast farming days I didn't bother keeping those .

Hops contain multiple compounds which are bacteriostatic. Alpha acids are the best understood, but other compounds such as beta acids, a number of polyphenols (e.g. xanthohumol), and even some of the aromatic oils (e.g. humulene) have been found to have some inhibitory effects on lactobacilli. The later compounds (especially the beta acids) are why aged hops retain inhibitory characteristics, despite being nearly devoid of alpha acids. In all cases these compounds appear to inhibit the bacteria in the same way - all of these compounds contain fairly large, flat-ish, hydrophobic regions. These regions do not "like" to be in water, and thus will be driven into the hydrophobic core of the bacterial plasma membrane. This opens minute holes in the membrane which prevents the bacteria from maintaining ion (in particular, proton) gradients, leading to suppression of growth and even death of the bacteria.

Hop resistance is generally due to the induced expression of "multi-drug transport" (MDT) genes, which are "pumps" that recognize the general chemical signature of membrane-disruptive compounds, and then pump them out of the cell. Other mechanisms may also be involved - a few papers have identified changes in the lipid make-up of the plasma membrane, which may increase stability. This change also occurs in response to alcohol (to improve stability), so its not clear if that particular change has anything to do with hop resistance.

Lactobacilli usually don't have these MDT genes 'on', which is why a lot of strains won't do well with hops in the first batch of beer, but over time become more and more tolerant as they increase expression of the MDT's. The overall MDT expression level, in theory, determines the maximum resistance of the bacteria. In the case of my experiments, I'm looking for mutants whose MDT's are permanently stuck 'on' for the resistant strain and 'off' for the sensitive strain .

Hop tolerance is not only species dependent, but is also strain dependent. For example, a dissertation by F.J. Methner measured the pH drop of wort that started at a pH of 5.55 from day 3 to day 14 for several strains of L. brevis at different IBU levels (7,9,11,13 and 18 IBU's). One strain of L. brevis eventually got down to a pH of 3.8 at day 14 with 7 IBU's, while another strain got down to 3.3 pH at day 14 (with other strains in-between those numbers). At 18 IBU, the relatively hop intolerant L. brevis strain got down to only 4.2 pH, while another strain got down to 3.7. In general, the higher the IBU, the slower the pH drop. Interestingly, another species called L. coryniformis was shown to be more hop tolerant than L. brevis. L. coryniformis dropped the 18 IBU wort down to 3.6 pH over 14 days .

Methner's data is shown below; graphs created by Benedikt Koch . Y axis = pH, X axis = days.

• 

  7 IBU

• 

  9 IBU

• 

  11 IBU

• 

  13 IBU

• 

  18 IBU

L70: L. coryniformis

L14, L18, L22, L29, L88, L92: L. Brevis

See also:

• Hops Antimicrobial Properties and Dry Hopping Inhibits Lactobacillus.
• How hops prevent infection, by Lars Garshol.
• Per Buer's Video Demonstration of how dry hopping inhibits Lactobacillus.
• "CLevar" on Ratebeer.com data point on Lactobacillus being inhibited by hops, but not as much by iso-alpha acid hop extract.

Alcohol and Sugar Tolerance

Lactobacillus is generally tolerant of alcohol and high levels of sugar (although growth is diminished once sugar content exceeds 20% due to osmosis stressing the cell wall). In the presence of high amounts of ethanol, the alcohol tolerant strains pack their cell walls with fatty acids, which slows the fluidity of the cell membrane. The alcohol tolerance of Lactobacillus is dependent on both strain and the growth substrate, with alcohol tolerance generally higher when glucose or starch are available. In one study that looked at 31 strains of Lactobacillus, all strains grew effectively at 4% ABV. All of them still grew at 10% ABV, although some strains exhibited difficulty growing effectively at 10% ABV. Growth was diminished in general at 12% ABV (and the few strains that were alcohol intolerant stopped growing), but most still achieved some growth. Eight of the strains tested were still able to exhibit significant growth at 16% ABV, and in general, most strains were able to exhibit at least small growth at 16% ABV (more so on starch and glucose versus cellobiose, lactose, or xylose). In general, the species that were less tolerant of high amounts of ethanol (10-16%) where: L. amylovorous (1 out of 4 strains was particularly intolerant), L. hilgardii (1 strain still grew at 16% ABV, but less than the others), L. pentosus (1 strain still grew on starch medium, but not on glucose above 10% ABV), and L. casei (most strains grew in most growth media, but generally less than other species). In general, the strains of L. brevis and L. plantarum were more tolerant of high ABV concentrations .

Peyer et al. (2017) examined the effects of the sugar content of brewer's wort on a strain of Lactobacillus amylovorous. They found that the higher gravity of the wort increased the growth of the Lactobacillus, and therefore also the lactic acid production. This increase was linear until the extract reached 16 Brix (1.065 SG), at which time the growth increase began to slow down. The higher growth and more lactic acid production in higher gravity wort was probably due to increased nutrients as well as a higher buffer capacity. This growth increase plateaued in wort that was 18-20 Brix, which was likely due to osmotic stress on the cells .

Tolerance of Extreme Temperature

Most Lactobacillus species have a thermal death rate of ~145°F (63°C). Freezing without glycerol will kill most cells, but it is possible for a very small number of cold-resistant mutant cells to survive (~1:19:00 in). In very rare occasions, some strains have been identified as being extremely thermotolerant. For example, this patent claims that a strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis can acidify milk within 2.5 hours when held at temperatures between 45-65°C (113-149°F).

Storage

Major microbe labs will often store bacteria in a -80°C laboratory freezer in a media/glycerol solution (any standard media and 20-50% glycerol ), however, this option is generally not practical for brewers. For dried Lactobacillus, such as probiotics or Dry Yeast for Sour Ales BlackManYeast products, Bryan of Sui Generis Blog's states that lab studies have shown that they can lose viability ~80 times faster at room temperature than when stored at refrigeration temperatures. Therefore, it is recommended to store dried Lactobacillus at refrigeration temperatures. Short term storage of liquid cultures (less than 2 months) should also be stored refrigerated. Consider making a starter before using a culture that is not fresh.

Liquid cultures become stressed by two factors: storage in an acidic environment, and storage without sugar . Sugar storage creates more acid as the Lactobacillus ferments it, so it may not be ideal unless the Lactobacillus is continually fed. Ideally for longer term storage, liquid cultures of Lactobacillus should be stored frozen with 20% glycerol, or refrigerated as slants with water or mineral oil. Also, there is anecdotal evidence that certain species may survive better at room temperature. Bryan hypothesizes that stable temperatures may be more important than storing at an "ideal" temperature . For instructions on how to make slants at home capable of storing any microbe for potentially 2+ years, see Bryan video on Sui Generis Brewing (requires a pressure cooker).

A practical option for brewers without a pressure cooker is to store the liquid culture with a few grams of a buffering chemical such as calcium carbonate (chalk) or calcium hydroxide (pickling lime). The exact amounts should be adjusted to reach a pH of about 4.0-6.0 for the entire solution (begin with 1 or 2 grams per liter, and adjust as needed) .

Tom Belgrano offers these additional steps in order to remove the residual sugars from a storage solution, as well as raise the pH :

1. Cold crash the starter until the wort is clear.
2. Decant the liquid, and then refill it with water (distilled is recommended, but not required).
3. Cold crash again until the liquid falls clear.
4. Decant the liquid.
5. Store the resulting slurry at refrigeration temperatures. A slight drop in pH may still occur, but this technique should keep the storage solution well above 4.0 pH.

Commercial brewers who are attempting to re-use pure Lactobacillus cultures for kettle souring will often pull a portion of the soured wort before boiling it. The soured wort with living Lactobacillus is stored for later use in future batches. Cold storage is probably preferred. This can be difficult to accomplish because the residual sugars in the wort can easily attract a yeast contamination or other contaminations (see 100% Lactobacillus fermentation) . Storing buffered wort above 4.5 pH anaerobically could provide the potential for botulism toxin formation (see this Beer and Wine Journal article by Dr. Chris Colby). Autoclaving, pressure cooking, or tyndallizing the wort before adding the Lactobacillus culture to it would provide a sterile media free of potential botulism spores , but may not be a practical process for the brewer. It might be possible to achieve a pH of 4.0-4.5 using CaCO3 (chalk) to buffer the pH in a range that extends the viability of the Lactobacillus, and also makes the wort safe for storage (this needs more data) (amounts of CaCO3 needed). Using chalk as a buffer would be similar to using the Eureka starter method above; the chalk should settle to the bottom of the vessel, and can be decanted off of.

See also:

• Mark Reister details some approaches to using lyoprotectants to dry Lactobacillus.

Selecting for on Agar

Lactobacillus species can be isolated on agar plates by using a selective media called Rogosa SL. Rogosa SL agar contains ammonium citrate, sodium acetate, a relatively low pH, and acetic acid, which select for Lactobacillus while inhibiting mold and other bacteria. This medium will not inhibit yeast on its own, however. If inhibiting yeast is a requirement then add 10 mg/L cycloheximide to inhibit most yeast .

• See Rogosa SL Agar (Lactobacillus); Basement Brew Lab, by Dustin Michael for more information.

Effects on Mixed Fermentation

The presence of Lactobacillus can stall or slow yeast fermentation. This is likely a combination of low pH. The presence of lactic acid might change the way yeast ferments by allowing them to consume multiple types of sugars regardless of whether or not glucose is present, although it has been demonstrated that this alone is not the cause for stuck fermentations (see Lactic Acid for more information).

Peyer et al. (2017) observed that growth of US-05 was 82% at a pH of 3.51, and 53% at a pH of 3.17. Fermentation was delayed by 2-4 days (the lower the pH, the longer the start of fermentation was delayed). In a co-fermentation of Lactobacillus amylovorus and US-05, the initial growth of the L. amylovorus continued for 3 days while the US-05 was delayed. On day 7, the US-05 recovered and continued growth, and the growth of the Lactobacillus was slowed starting on day 5. This was due to the increase in ethanol from fermentation, lower pH, and the depletion of nutrients for the Lactobacillus. It is also possible that the yeast benefited from the autolysis of the Lactobacillus, which is speculated to have released nutrients that were made available to the yeast .

Also found was an increase in diacetyl and acetoin in the beers that were co-fermented with L. amylovorus and US-05 versus the beers that were kettle soured or mash soured. Both of these compounds are responsible for the buttery taste in beer. Normally, after primary fermentation the yeast reduces diacetyl to acetoin, which is then converted to butanediol, however during a co-fermentation with Lactobacillus, this conversion was inhibited in this study .

Sensorily speaking, the kettle soured beer tasted "purer" with fewer off-flavors, and a plum-like aroma. The sour mash and kettle sour beers had a lingering sour aftertaste, while the beer co-fermented with L. amylovorus and US-05 was described as having an astringent aftertaste. This astringent aftertaste was speculated by the authors to be caused by LAB cell autolysis, which might have also contributed to a more complex flavor profile in the co-fermented beer .

See also:

• Poster for the referenced Peyer study.
• Mixed Fermentation Staggered vs Co-pitching.

Commercially available Lactobacillus strains and their pH change over time

All data provided by Matt Humbard. Similar results were reported by Lance Shaner's 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation experiment. See also the associated write up in BYO Magazine.

pH change at 86°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 86°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.57	5.13	5.59	4.81
18	4.4	3.94	4.62	3.6
24	4.2	3.78	4.6	3.45
75.5	3.88	3.44	4.46	3.27
120	3.85	3.4	4.4	3.25

pH change at 98°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 98°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.61	5.05	5.55	5.02
18	4.15	3.74	4.54	3.22
24	4.05	3.67	4.54	3.2
75.5	3.5	3.31	4.32	3.22
120	3.5	3.29	4.3	3.21

pH change at 102°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 102°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.45	5.02	5.5	5.11
18	4.13	3.73	4.61	3.4
24	4.06	3.6	4.58	3.29
75.5	3.72	3.33	4.47	3.23
120	3.68	3.3	4.4	3.2

pH change at 108°F

pH change of Lactobacillus at 108°F. Data provided by: Matt Humbard

Time (hours)	Wyeast Lactobacillus buchneri	White Labs Lactobacillus brevis	White Labs Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Omega Lactobacillus plantarum
0	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
6	5.6	4.95	5.51	4.99
18	4.49	3.71	4.8	3.54
24	4.37	3.52	4.6	3.45
75.5	4.33	3.35	4.62	3.34
120	4.29	3.3	4.51	3.3

Other Data Collection on Differences in pH Between Species

Santeri Tenhovirta's master thesis in Food Science from the University of Helsinki examined the pH drop between several species of Lactobacillus and found similar results regarding L. delbruekii and the lack of a significant pH drop. The Lactobacillus samples were allowed to ferment for 48 days in wort by themselves before Fermentis US-05 was pitched to finish the fermentation (the Lactobacillus samples were never boiled after souring and so the bacteria survived throughout the yeast fermentation). The L. delbruekii sample got as low as 3.76 pH on day 5 (2 days with only the L. delbruekii and then 3 days with both L. delbruekii and US-05), but after 12 days the pH rose up to 4.07, which was close to the control that was fermented with just US-05 and no Lactobacillus. The other samples which included L. brevis, L. rhamnosus, L. alimentarius, L. plantarum, and L. buchneri all ended up at a pH between 3.18 and 3.5, with all of them achieving a pH lower than 3.8 after 48 hours except for L. brevis, which slowly reached a pH of around 3.4 after about 5 days .

Metabolism

Editor's note: the following section was reviewed for accuracy by MTF members Bryan of Sui Generis Blog, Matt Humbard, Lance Shaner, and Richard Preiss.

Types of Metabolism

Homolactic and Heterolactic pathways

All metabolism by Lactobacillus, including growth, will require sugar to be consumed and lactate (lactic acid) to be produced. Two categories of metabolism exist, homolactic and heterolactic. In summary, homolactic fermentation produces only lactic acid, while heterolactic fermentation produce lactic acid, CO2, and ethanol/acetic acid .

Homolactic

Homolactic metabolism is described as the cell catabolizing one molecule of glucose to yield two molecules of pyruvate, which is then further reduced to two molecules of lactate (lactic acid). Homolactic fermentation only allows the fermentation of hexoses (glucose, mannose, etc.). Homolactic metabolism follows the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway .

Heterolactic

Heterolactic metabolism is described as the cell catabolizing one molecule of glucose into one molecule of CO2, one molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate, and one molecule of acetyl phosphate. The molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate is reduced to one molecule of lactate, and the acetyl phosphate is reduced to one molecule of ethanol (or one molecule of acetic acid instead of ethanol, depending on its growing environment ). Heterolactic fermentation allows the fermentation of hexoses and pentoses . Heterolactic fermentation follows the Phosphoketolase Pathway, which is a branch of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (also called the "Phosphogluconate Pathway") . When different substrates are available to heterolactic fermenting Lactobacillus, such as fructose or oxygen, acetate (acetic acid) can be produced instead of ethanol .

Categories of Lactobacillus

There are three categories of Lactobacillus based on the type of fermentation they are capable of (homolactic, heterolactic, or both).

1. Obligatory homofermentative Lactobacillus only perform homolactic fermentation, and thus only produce lactic acid .
2. Obligatory heterofermentative Lactobacillus only perform heterolactic fermentation, and thus produce lactic acid, CO2, and ethanol (or sometimes acetic acid instead of ethanol) .
3. Facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus generally are homolactic when there is an abundance of carbohydrates, but can also perform heterolactic fermentation when carbohydrates are not abundant .

Other factors can determine if a facultative heterofermentative species uses homolactic or heterolactic fermentation. For example, L. plantarum, which is a facultatively heterofermentative species, is homolactic without the presence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, however, it performs heterolactic fermentation, and produces acetic acid .

Obligatory Homofermentative	Obligatory Heterofermentative	Facultatively Heterofermentative
L. acidophilus	L. brevis	L. casei
L. delbruekii	L. buchneri	L. curvatus
L. helveticas	L.fermentum	L. plantarum
L. salivarius	L. reuteri	L. sakei
L. rhamnosus	L. pontis	L. bavaricus
L. lactis	L. cellobiosus	L. coryniformis
L. leichmannii	L. confusus
Streptococcus bovis	L. coprophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus	L. fermentatum
Pediococcus acidilactici	L. sanfrancisco
Pediococcus damnosus	Leuconostoc dextranicum
Pediococcus pentocacus	Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Enterococcus faecium	Leuconostoc paramesenteroides
Enterococcus faecalis

Sugar Utilization

Lactobacillus generally prefers glucose, fructose, and maltose, and does not ferment maltotriose. Some species may prefer certain types of sugars over others. For example L. plantarum ferments glucose first, and then fructose if it is available. L. reuteri ferments maltose first, while L. brevis feeds on maltose, glucose, and fructose. Disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose enter the cells through specific types of membrane transport proteins called permeases, and are broken down into monosaccharides through phosphorolysis before they enter the normal carbohydrate metabolic pathway . Peak sugar consumption without competition from yeast is typically 48 hours, and very little alcohol or CO2 is produced (around 0.10-0.30% ABV, far less than the 0.5% required for non-alcoholic drinks). Consumption of sugars occurs mainly during the 48 hour growth period, but also occurs after growth has stopped. No more than 0.5-1°P worth of sugar is consumed by Lactobacillus. Rather than high residual sugar concentration being the limiting factor on growth it is thought that low pH and other metabolic byproducts weaken and finally stop the growth of Lactobacillus . For a chart and in depth discussion on what types of sugars are fermentable by different species of Lactobacillus, as well as charts on secondary metabolites, see Matt Humbard's Physiology of Flavors in Beer – Lactobacillus Species blog article.

A small number of strains of Lactobacillus can also break down polysaccharides and starches. They are referred to as "amylolytic LAB". They generally belong to the species Lb. manihotivorans, L. fermentum, L. amylovorus, L. amylophilus, L. plantarum or L. amylolyticus. This seems to be associated with a gene called "amyA", which encodes for extracellular alpha-amylase activity, as well as alpha-glucosidase, neopullulanase, amylopectin phosphorylase, and maltose phosphorylase. This activity is limited by high amounts of glucose, maltose, or sucrose . Some species can also produce beta-glucosidase capable of breaking down monoglycosides (see Glycosides), but not diglycosides. The activity of both alpha and beta-glucosidase enzymes are stable at low pH ranges of 3-4, are generally encouraged by increasing percentages of alcohol all the way up to 12% v/v, and are optimal at 35-45°C (depending on strain) .

100% Lactobacillus Fermentation

Lance Shaner's experiment on testing 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation showed that pure cultures of WLP677, WLP672, Wyeast 5335, Wyeast 5223-PC, and the L. plantarum from Omega Yeast OYL-605, could not fully attenuate a 1.037 SG wort. The most attenuative Lactobacillus culture, WLP677, was only able to attenuate down to 1.03255 SG. It is likely that all species and strains of Lactobacillus available to brewers cannot fully attenuate wort. In addition, this study showed at most a 0.29% ABV in 100% Lactobacillus fermentations (attributed to WLP677). See 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation for more information. If a higher attenuation is achieved, cross contamination of yeast is most likely the cause. Thomas Hübbe's masters thesis also supports that Lactobacillus attenuates less than 10% of the sugars in wort .

The amount of CO2 produced is very small in heterofermentative species. Lance Shaner of Omega Yeast Labs noted that although L. brevis is classified as obligatory heterofermentative, the human eye cannot detect any CO2 production in the Omega Yeast Lactobacillus blend (OYL-605). Lance still needs to test this blend to see if it produces any CO2 at all. There have been reliable reports of pure Lactobacillus brevis cultures producing a layer of bubbles on the surface of wort if roused . It is clear though that any type of Lactobacillus, regardless of whether it is heterofermentative or homofermentative, cannot produce a krausen. Krausens are sometimes seen even with the use of commercially available Lactobacillus cultures and good sanitation techniques. If a krausen develops in wort when it is the only culture that is pitched, this is indicative of cross-contamination of Saccharomyces or Brettanomyces in either the wort or the Lactobacillus culture itself . In addition to this, heterolactic fermentation by Lactobacillus can only produce 10-20% of the ethanol that Saccharomyces can produce , therefore a high level of attenuation cannot be achieved by Lactobacillus and is again a sign of cross contamination by yeast. Take a gravity reading and if the wort gravity has dropped more than 1°P (.004 specific gravity points) then this is due to a yeast fermentation.

Recent studies on lactic acid fermented malt beverages also support that Lactobacillus produces only about 0.1% ABV, producing "non-alcoholic" fermented malt beverages . Elke Arendt, a brewing scientist that specializes in Lactobacillus presented her work at the Belgian Brewing Conference 2015. In it she explained that LAB will only ferment 0.5°P of wort regardless of the gravity of that wort. When asked at the end of the presentation why Lactobacillus only ferments ~0.5°P (note that Shaner's experiment shows Lactobacillus fermenting ~1°P, although this may be due to a margin of error since Shaner only performed this experiment once), considering that Lactobacillus ferments maltose and there is plenty of maltose in wort, Arendt responded that she believes that the bacteria reaches max cell density in the wort with relatively little sugar requirements (~16 mins in and ~25 mins in):

Taubman et al. published a study in the MBAA Technical Quarterly that reported that a strain of L. brevis, L. curvatus, L. plantarum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus that were found to reduce gluten in bread making had a similar functionality when fermenting wort. They found that these strains reduced gluten to undetectable levels in 5-7 weeks. However, they lost the ability to reduce gluten when co-fermented with yeast, probably due to competition from the yeast. The wort that was fermented with only one of the lactic acid bacteria strains and no yeast resulted in an unpleasant fermented beverage. The researchers also reported analyzing commercial sour beers and finding some with reduced levels of gluten, but did not offer an explanation on how to accomplish this . The researchers hypothesized that the cause of the off-flavors in the 100% Lactobacillus fermentations were due to oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the headspace of the fermenters and that further experiments with purging the oxygen and hydrogen sulfide from the head space should be done, however, previous research has shown that wort fermented with only Lactobacillus does not fully attenuate which leaves ample amounts of residual sugar available for contaminants to potentially produce off-flavors (assuming they can withstand the low pH produced by the lactic acid bacteria fermentation). Performing long fermentations with only Lactobacillus are generally not recommended due to the residual sugar left by 100% Lactobacillus fermentation. For example, it is recommended to kettle sour within 24-48 hours in order to lower the risk of off-flavor development. Attenuation/ethanol/final gravity measurements were not reported in this study.

• See also 100% Lactobacillus Fermentation.

Primary/Secondary Metabolites

Primary Metabolites

Lactic acid is the primary metabolite for Lactobacillus, as well as CO2 and ethanol/acetate (acetic acid) in heterofermentative species. Acid production is at it's highest during the exponential growth phase, but continues into the stationary and decline phases. Typically just under 50% of the lactic acid produced is L-lactic acid (more nutritionally relevant) while the slight majority is D-lactic acid . The amount of lactic and acetic acids produced varies from species to species. For example, the referenced study showed that L. plantarum produces more than twice the amount of lactic acid than L. brevis, and L. reuteri produced slightly more lactic acid than L. brevis. L. reuteri produced around twice as much acetic acid than L. brevis, and L. plantarum produced very little acetic acid. The small amount of acetic acid produced by L. plantarum in this study was explained by oxygen exposure during sampling, while the obligate heterofermentative species (L. reuteri and L. brevis) produced acetic acid as a direct result of their heterolactic fermentation .

Secondary Metabolites

Both primary and secondary metabolites play a large role in the flavor and aroma profile of wort fermented with Lactobacillus. Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not directly related to the growth of an organism, but often assist with survival . These secondary metabolites are produced by the pathways mentioned above, and different strains probably regulate the enzymes involved in various pathways differently and produce different secondary metabolites . Thus, different species and strains can produce a wide variety of flavors and aromas (compare this to food grade lactic acid in which none of these secondary metabolites exist). These secondary metabolite are the result of carbohydrate fermentation and amino acid metabolism . Major secondary metabolites that

An example from one study showed that L. plantarum produced significantly more diacetyl, acetoin (yogurt-like flavor), and acetaldehyde than L. reuteri and L. brevis. These three compounds were associated with dairy-related notes of "buttery", "lactic", and "yogurt" flavors identified during sensory testing . Some LAB can release these compounds through the catabolism of citric acid, which is found in wort. Ester production is generally insignificant, although significant ester formation has been found during malolactic fermentation in red wines, and ethyl acetate has been found to be produced in malt based beverages . Acetaldehyde produced from L. plantarum helps to produce pyranoanthocyanins that stabilize wine's red color . Some strains may also produce fusel alcohols and other off-flavors. For example the referenced study found an accumulation of the fusel alcohol n-Porponal in the sample of L. reuteri, and a small decrease of isovaleric acid coupled with a small increase of hexanoic acid by L. brevis, L. plantarum, and L. reuteri (only 0.25-0.32 mg/L was found, and the flavor threshold of hexanoic acid is 5.4 mg/L ) . Heterofermentative species can also produce tetrahydropyridines (THP), which is the cause of "mousy" off-flavors . Aldehydes (2-methyl-1-propanal, 2-methyl-1-butanal, 3-methyl-1-butanal) and their associated non-fusel alcohols (2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol) can be produced from amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine to form fruity flavors . A few species, especially most strains of L. fermentum, and some strains of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, can produce ropiness in the form of exopolysaccharides, similar to Pediococcus .

Dongmo et al. (2017) found 56 volatile flavor compounds, including various esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, ethers compounds, sulfur compounds, heterocyclic compounds, phenols (including guaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol), terpenes, lactones, and several unidentified compounds. Key compounds produced by Lactobacillus include acetaldehyde (thought to be a major flavor contributor to kettle soured beers ), β-Damascenone, furaneol, phenylacetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, 4-vinylguaiacol, sotolon, methional, vanillin, acetic acid, nor-furaneol, guaiacol and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate. Acetaldehyde was the most impactful aroma compound found followed by propan-1-ol and γ-dodecalactone. Acetaldehyde was generally produced in much higher amounts (~23-64 µg/L) by the select strains of L. plantarum, while L. amylolyticus and L. brevis produced only 1.5-3 µg/L. In fact, the levels of all of these compounds differed significantly based on the species and strain. The selected strains of L. brevis were associated as having worse aromas that were dominated by methional (cooked potatoes), acetic acid (vinegar), and nor-furaneol (caramel-like). The L. plantarum strains selected were identified as producing more positive aromas from compounds such as β-damascenone (apple/fruit juice), furaneol (strawberry), 2-phenylethanol (rose/caramel) and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (citrus). Small but significant amounts of linalool and geraniol were also found, which are normally terpenes found in hops. Vanillan is formed from ferulic acid by some Lactobacillus species as well as Oenococcus oeni . Some strains of Lactobacillus can break down chlorogenic acids, which are esters found in plants, into their phenolic derivatives. For example, some strains of L. fermentum, L. helveticus, and L. reuteri were found to hydrolize chlorogenic acids into caffeic acid, which can then be converted into other phenols such as 4-vinylcatechol and 4-ethylcatechol by Brettanomyces .

Some strains of L. plantarum, L. brevis, and Pediococcus pentosaceus can reduce hydroxycinnamic acids such as p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids, into their vinyl phenol derivatives, similar to POF+ Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces. Furthermore, some strains of L. plantarum have been found to further reduce the vinyl phenols into ethyl phenols (the same phenolic compounds produced by Brettanomyces) by excreting a protein enzyme called VprA. So far L. plantarum is the only species of lactic acid yeast that has been identified as being capable of creating ethyl phenols from vinyl phenols, and only certain strains have the genetic capability to do this .

The type of grain that the Lactobacillus is fermented in may also play a role in the types and amounts of secondary metabolites that are produced. One study compared volatile acids produced by a probiotic strain of L. plantarum (NCIMB 8826) when fermented in oats, barley, malted barley, and wheat. In oats, there was slight increase in oleic acid and linoleic acid and a decrease when fermented in wheat, barley, or malted barley. In malted barley, there were small increases in flavor active compounds such as furfural ("almond" flavor), 2-ethoxyethyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol, but little to none detected when fermented in oats, wheat, or unmalted barley. Acetic acid production was higher in barley and malted barley than it was in oats and wheat. Many other organic acids in the oats, wheat, barley, and malted barley were supposedly taken up by the L. plantarum during fermentation. In barley, there were trace amounts of new acids created that were not already in the barley itself . Some species of Lactobacillus, including L. lactis and L. plantarum, produce diacetyl (which can be reduced to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol) as an intermediate metabolite from consuming sugar, citrate, and amino acids. However, citrate levels are rather low in malted barley (but higher in sorghum), and diacetyl production has been observed to be very low in barley and oat based worts .

Aging has a large impact on the aromas and flavors produced by Lactobacillus fermentation over time and is typically influenced by the temperature of the environment, oxygen exposure, and the byproducts of fermentation. Generally, fermentation has a positive effect on preserving some aroma and flavor compounds. Other compounds may change, causing aroma and flavor changes. For example, one study characterized wort freshly fermented with L. plantarum as "butter" and honey", and when aged as "yogurt" and "sour". In the same study, L. reuteri was characterized as "sour" when fresh, and "honey" and "pungent" when aged. L. brevis was characterized as "soy sauce" when fresh, and "yeasty" and "cider" when aged .

Many strains of Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria can produce tannase, which is an enzyme that breaks down a certain class of tannins called "hydrolizable tannins" (for example, tannic acid). The enzymatic breakdown of tannins provides a food source for the Lactobacillus. In the cited study, a strain of L. plantarum was selected out of 47 other tannase producing LAB as being the highest producer of this enzyme. Although the optimum pH for tannase is 5-8, it is also at least 50% active at a pH of 3-7 and a temperature of 15-30°C. Tannase has been produced as a product for removing haze in food products such as iced tea, wine, and beer . Some Lactobacillus strains could, therefore, have a positive effect on beer clarity by breaking down some haze forming tannins .

See the Elke Arendt video presentation above on the referenced study, starting at ~14:45.

In summary:

• Different species of Lactobacillus are capable of fermenting different types of sugars, including sugars that Saccharomyces may not be able to ferment.

• All types of Lactobacillus produce different levels of secondary metabolites (compounds that are not required for the organism to live ) in addition to the primary metabolites discussed above. These include acetaldehyde, diacetyl, fusel alcohols, and many more compounds (see Matt's article for more details).

• Despite some beliefs by brewers, Lactobacillus has not been shown to produce significant levels butyric acid (see the butyric acid page for more information) in the presence of oxygen or otherwise in brewer's wort. Some species might be able to produce small amounts of Isovaleric Acid in the presence of Streptococcus thermophilus or another alpha-keto acid producing microorganism (see the Isovaleric Acid page for details).

• Although Lactobacillus are not not inhibited by oxygen, they are generally not considered to be organisms that produce oxygen-dependent metabolites. Some heterofermentative species produce acetic acid, butyric acid (not much in wort, but more so in fermented milk products), and propanoic acid, but they always do so through an anaerobic pathway. The presence of oxygen does not affect metabolism in general .

• The major off-flavor that some Lactobacillus strains might produce is acetaldehyde . Saccharomyces will help to metabolize the acetaldehyde produced by Lactobacillus.

Foam Degradation

Photo provided by Mark Horsley. Left is a 5.30 pH wort and the right is a 4.75pH wort. Both were kettle soured with L. delbrueckii. Both reached 3.30 pH post ferment with finishing gravity of 1.7 Plato.

A few species/strains of Lactobacillus can create all of the amino acids that they need for growth. These species are known as prototrophic. However, most species/strains can only produce some of the amino acids required for growth and must obtain the other amino acids from their environment. These species are known as auxotrophic for the amino acids that they cannot produce themselves . Auxotrophic Lactobacillus can break down proteins in their environment in order to consume the amino acids that they cannot make themselves, including foam forming proteins in beer, through a process called proteolysis . Proteolysis is the breakdown of various proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids through the use of various enzymes . Both homofermentative and heterofermentative species have been observed to have proteolytic activity . This process is a large part of cheese and yogurt fermentation. Lactobacillus species that have been identified as breaking down proteins (mostly in cheese or yogurt) include Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum . Results of using various species/strains appears to demonstrate that different species/strains are worse for degrading head retention proteins than others. For example, it's been reported that B.H. Meyer says that souring with L. delbruekii creates better head retention than souring with other species such as L. brevis. . Different strains of the same species may also have different levels of proteolytic activity .

Proteolytic activity has been shown to decrease as pH falls below 5.0 for some species of Lactobacillus . In order to combat poor head retention in beers that are soured with Lactobacillus, it has been suggested by German brewing scientist, Burghard Hagen Meyer, to lower the pH of the wort to 4.5-4.8 with food grade lactic acid or phosphoric acid before pitching Lactobacillus . Additionally, ingredients that increase head retention such as unmalted chit, malted wheat, and carafoam have been used to help combat poor head retention in beers soured by Lactobacillus . Professional brewer Kristen England of Bent Brewstillery tested Hexa Iso Hop Extract by dosing at 4 times the recommended dosage and found that it greatly increased head retention in a Berliner Weisse (3.5% abv, pH 3.1, TA ~1, BU 5), with a minor taste difference. Kristen recommends experimenting with lower dosages to avoid too much flavor impact.

Another method that has been reported to help with head retention when Wort Souring (ex., kettle souring) is to add a pound of DME per 5 gallons of wort during the heat pasteurization process (after the wort has been soured with Lactobacillus). One could also steep specialty grains such as wheat malt, chit malt, carafoam, or carapils, and add the extract into the kettle during the heat pasteurization or boiling process. This will add back head formation proteins that were lost during the Lactobacillus fermentation .

See also This discussion with Gareth Young on MTF.

Kristen England of Bent Brewstillery's Hexa Iso Hop Extract results (Hop Iso added to the left beer, nothing added to the right)

Bacteriocins

While most species of Lactobacillus do not produce bacteriocins, many strains of L. acidophilus are well known for being able to produce bacteriocins, including probiotics and yogurt strains. Bacteriocins are similar to the toxins that some wine yeast strains produce, however, bacteriocins are toxins target other bacteria. The bacteriocin that L. acidophilus produces is a narrow spectrum class II bacteriocin, lactacin B ("narrow spectrum" means that this toxin kills a very narrow range of closely related Gram-positive bacteria). Species that are susceptible to the lactacin B toxin include species that are genetically closely related to L. acidophilus. These species include L. leichmanii, L. bulgaricus, L. delbruekii, L. lactis, and L. helveticus. Species that are insensitive to the toxin because they are more distantly related genetically are L. plantarum, L. casei, L. viridescens, and L. fermentum. Some strains of sensitive species might be insensitive to the toxin from certain strains of L. acidophilus but sensitive to others. The toxin does not affect a wide range of bacteria, nor yeast species . Some species of Pediococcus can also create bacteriocins (see this Bootleg Biology Facebook post).

Some strains of L. plantarum cultured from Tibetan yaks have been found to have varying levels of bacteriocin activity as well. These strains produced a "class II enterocin" that inhibits the growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A strain of Pediococcus pentocaseus was also found to produce this enteriocin .

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

• Alternative Bacteria Sources
• Mixed Cultures
• Mixed Fermentation
• Wort Souring
• Scientific Publications
• Pediococcus
• Hops

External Resources

• Microbes.info links to species databases and microbiology resources.
• Physiology of Flavors in Beer – Lactobacillus Species - Matt Humbard's overview of different species of Lactobacillus physiology, discussion on homofermentative vs heterofermentative physiology, which species can ferment different types of sugars, and secondary metabolites. Extensive data points included.
• Beer Microbiology – Lactobacillus pH experiment - Matt Humbard's experiment to determine final pH of individual Lactobacillus strains used in the graphs on this page. See also the published article in BYO Magazine.
• Lactobacillus Starter Guide by Derek Springer. - Information about starters for both pure strains, as well as culturing from grains.
• Evaluate starter media to propagate Lactobacillus sp., Eureka Brewing Blog, by Samuel Aeschlimann. - This experiment showed that growing Lactobacillus in 10°P DME, 10% apple juice + CaCO3 (20 g L-1) + yeast nutrients lead to the best growth results, and close to expensive MRS media growth results.
• Lacto Starters, by Bryan of Sui Generis blog - Step by step guide to making a starter for Lactobacillus.
• Yeast terminology, part 2: bacteria, by Lars Garshol.
• Elke Arendt, presentation at Belgian Brewing Conference 2015 on scientific findings in LAB in malting and brewing.
• Lactobacillus 2.0 – Advanced Techniques for Fast Souring Beer. Sour Beer Blog.